Neanderthals:
Are We Really That Different?
Mitch Charlton
Student #250833199
Anthropology 1020E 001 5A
Alexis Dolphin
November 9 2015
Introduction
Evolutionary studies are undoubtedly a large, significant aspect of biological anthropology. Anthropology can be defined as “the study of human nature, human society, and the human past” (Lavenda and Schultz 2016:5). Evolution includes the past, present, and future. It revolves around how we got to where we are today; what are our origins as modern day humans? Neanderthals are an important piece of that puzzle that has yet to be properly placed. The role, significance, and similarity between modern day humans and Neanderthals are topics of special interest for many biological anthropologists. John D. Speth discusses this exact topic in his article titled News Flash: Negative Evidence Convicts Neanderthals of Gross Mental Incompetence. Neanderthals have been unjustifiably placed in a category of inferior cognitive abilities based primarily on negative evidence, a form of evidence that is not testable, therefore not capable of proving anything, thus demonstrating that Neanderthals were intelligent beings and do not differ from modern day humans in intelligence.
Article Summary John D. Speth authored the article, News Flash: Negative Evidence Convicts Neanderthals of Gross Mental Incompetence, a piece where Speth argues that Neanderthals have not been properly proven of inferior cognitive abilities. Speth says,
Miller uses this personification to show that no matter how hard Proctor tries to please his wife, nothing will truly repair the bond that they had. Their relationship will never be the same. Elizabeth will always feel "an everlasting funeral round [her] heart" because she knows that since Proctor's trust has been broken she will always have a certain sadness or mournfulness in her heart. Hale says this metaphor to tell proctor that any small flaw can lead to the court assuming they have been using witchcraft.
Throughout the documentary “Decoding Neanderthals” there was a push of research to push the human view of Neanderthals. Over the year’s research showed that we coexisted with Neanderthals and out beat their species. Many believed that Neanderthals where like the stereotypical unintelligent and wild caveman. With new technology, enhanced research, and the exposing documentary “Decoding Neanderthals” pushed the boundaries of these past ideologies. Through this we have learned how intelligent, symbolic, and closely related this species is to homo-sapiens species. This research proved that the Neanderthal may have not became extent due to in ability to create weapons but, due to inter breading with humans
In a skeleton found in Asia, the discovery of a hyoid bone in the the throat raised the question of whether or not Neanderthals had language capabilities. There has been much debate over this and many different theories, but the most widely accepted is that they were capable of producing human speech sounds, but whether or not they used this speech to communicate in any kind of language is still largely up for debate. In height, Neanderthals were roughly about the same size as modern humans, but did not live as long as modern humans. A Neanderthal who lived into his or her 40's was considered to be long lived, which is comparatively short to our much longer lives of roughly double that. Genetically, Neaderthals and humans differ in their DNA structure both in the mitochondrial DNA and in the nuclear DNA. The significance of the DNA evidence is that it is crucial in determining whether remains that are found are truly Neanderthal or an older hominin relative.
Neanderthals and modern humans coexisted for well over 100,000 years. Then suddenly Homo neandertalensis began to die out and surrender the earth to Homo sapiens. Paleontologists and anthropologists have entertained several possibilities to the causes of this event: interbreeding among Neanderthals and humans, competition for natural resources, and Darwin’s theory of “survival of the fittest.” What the real cause has been has plagued scientists for years. Now, due to an international research team from Germany, those possibilities have been even further deduced, making it easier to pinpoint the exact reason Homo neandertalensis became extinct.
The Federalist Papers provide priceless insight into the spirits of both human government and human nature. In fact, The Federalist Papers repeatedly acknowledge a basic truth of human existence: humans are naturally selfish, hostile, and full of such characteristics that hinder the continuation of peaceful, harmonious existence. The corruption of the human race permeates even the strongest governments, as history has shown time and again. Ironic as it is, governments must take precautions to guard themselves, even from their very own members, from the very thing that all governments are meant to remedy: the shortcomings of human nature. The means by which The Federalists
The first Neanderthal fossils found in Europe, a fragmented child’s cranium in Belgium in 1830, and an adult cranium in Gibraltar, were not immediately recognized as a divergent kind of human. Only in 1856 after a partial skeleton was found in a cave in the Neander Valley in Germany it became clear that these fossils belonged to an extinct human and our closest evolutionary relative (Hublin and Pääbo, 2006). Since then, questions about their relationship with modern humans have been fiercely debated between anthropologists. But what attracts most interest from scientists and popular media is the possibility of hybridization between Neanderthals and modern humans if, in other words, they were a genetically different specie or a
Families: I establish a positive and productive relationship with families by building trust, giving respect, communication and consistency. I greet each child and family daily. When I inform parents of issues with their children, I do so in a positive manner using the sandwich method. This method gives strengths before stating any issues or concerns and allows the parent and myself to come to a meeting of the minds on the best way to approach correcting problems. This also allows parents to contribute to positive ways of working together to help further the child’s education and development.
Although Neanderthals were a branch of the human family tree, they have been seen as a primarily forgotten species. They were known for a variable diet, hunting, and lacking language and art. It was also believed that they lacked the capacity of knowledge as modern species. However, due to new discoveries, we realize that Neanderthals are much closer to the modern human species and more intelligent than we believe.
There is evidence to suggest that Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens had coexisted for approximately 35-40,000 years, (Fagan 2010) from around 60,000 years ago to 25,000 years ago when they finally went extinct (Gibbon 2001). Anthropologists are still uncertain what the cause of their extinction was. This paper will analyze three main theories of Neanderthal extinction. The first theory is the competition theory, which claims that the Homo sapiens and Neanderthals had to compete for resources, ultimately leading to their demise. The second theory I will discuss is the climate change theory, which claims that Homo sapiens lived while Neanderthals died because they were better adapted to the climate. The last theory I will discuss is
The concept of nature vs nurture is easily one of the oldest and most controversial arguments of modern times. Harvard psychology professor Steven Pinker is notably known in the world of psychology and the social sciences for his book “The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature.” In his book, Pinker addresses this exact argument and reasons that human behavior is mostly and at its roots is formed by evolutionary psychological adaptations. In 2003, Steven Pinker gave a Ted Talk regarding his book and the idea that human behavior is predisposed, rather than formed by socialization, interactions between people and the exposure to culture. Pinker discusses the reasoning behind his stance on nature over nurture using five key discussion points, these points being, human universals, neurology and DNA, political reasoning, the arts and parenting. During his Ted Talk, Pinker begins by stating that there are human universals, concepts, behaviors and traits that are carried and found, with many similarities, throughout every human civilization, he then explains that a common example of this is with twins separated at birth, and can be proven through neurological studies. Another concept that Pinker address to further solidify his stance is the idea that the argument that humans are ‘blank slates’ and human behavior is developed through nurture rather than nature is the political reasoning behind the benefits of everyone being ‘blank slates’. Two critical points he made however
Human evolution links with the history of psychology through Thomas Wynn’s cognitive archaeology. Thomas Wynn (1979) wanted to find the link between archaeology and psychology. He used Piaget’s theory of development to argue that old humans had functional operational intelligence which requires for
Antichrist is a commander who has battalions of soldiers called the antichrists. The Antichrist is planning a coup to overthrow the salvation of Jesus Christ in the life of the Christians.
Human beings are part of the animal kingdom, and therefore part of nature. If that is true, then everything they create or destroy is by default "natural". I agree with the statement.
What is human nature? It is very simple. Human nature refers to the patterns of behavior that are typical of our species or our kind. Human undergoes change as all humans grow up they nature seems to change; the environment someone grow up in effects that persons nature. To fully understand human nature Dr. Marvin Harris takes us on trip to time, which makes sense because if we better understand our past and our origin we will better understand our very existence and our nature. We will know more about who we are where we are from and such other questions that puzzle the human mind.
The human race has advanced a great deal over the course of recent history, particularly so since the 18th century. Countless of these developments in society can be attributed to the achievements of engineers - however, despite this, many do not realise their contribution and importance. One of the fundamental bases behind these engineering feats is the harnessing of energy sources, such as electrical and heat energy. This has allowed for many innovations, for example power stations, transportation, communications and computers, which have all become critical to society and the modern world in which we live.