Human Response Times During Learned And Unlearned Cues

The stimuli will cause a specific reaction within the body depending on the signals – these allow the body to perform its functions smoothly and aid in quick reflexes. Different nerves and cells implement their own distinct actions, each which serve their own purpose in the total body operation.

Neurons are what make up the nervous system. The nervous system is very complex for all the activities that this system performs. It main function is to communicate. It sends nerve impulses to the muscles (effectors), the muscles receive stimuli and tuned electromechanical signals that are sent to the

The human brain receives and interprets information through chemical signals sent by neurons. In order to prove this, it must be proven first that neurons communicate through chemical signals. This can be proven fairly easily by observing how chemicals impact heart rate, since the nervous system controls the circulatory system through both electrical and chemical signals. By giving a live organism certain chemicals, and observing its heart rate, it is proven that neurons communicate through chemical signals. By knowing how the brain receives and interprets information, things that affect the brain and body are able to be understood.

In Exercise 1, the objective was to measure the reaction time of a subject to a visual cue when respondin witht the hand (1). Starting with subject 1, their mean reaction time for the visual-to-hand cue was 303 ms, subject 2’s was 359 ms, subject 3’s was 396 ms, and subject 4’s was 343 ms (Table 1).

Participants and Apparatus. 23 NYU students, taking lab in human cognition, received course credit for their participation in the experiment. The experiment was administered on standard PC’s or Macintosh computers over a single class period.

The reaction time (RT) of students was measured in the experiment to determine whether light or sound stimulus initiates a quicker response time. The question of whether or not RT was related to movement time (MT) was also challenged. Each student performed two test in random order; one testing the reaction time of a red light stimulus, or visual reaction time (VRT); and the other testing the reaction time of a “beeping” sound stimulus, or auditory reaction time (ART). The student completed the VRT trial by simply receiving the stimulus and pressing a button. The student placing and holding their hand on a button starts the ART trial. Once the student receives the stimulus (beep) they press the adjacent button as fast as they can. The ART trial does not only include the data of the RT, but also the data from the MT. Having previous knowledge that light travels faster than sound; one can predict that VRT is faster than ART. The prediction that MT is independent upon RT can be made with the thought that there are so many opposing variables that could affect the MT of an individual unrelated RT such as old age

We are replicating J.R. Stroop’s original experiment The Stroop Effect (Stroop, 1935). The aim of the study was to understand how automatic processing interferes with attempts to attend to sensory information. The independent variable of our experiment was the three conditions, the congruent words, the incongruent words, and the colored squares, and the dependent variable was the time that it took participants to state the ink color of the list of words in each condition. We used repeated measures for the experiment in order to avoid influence of extraneous variables. The participants were 16-17 years of age from Garland High School. The participants will be timed on how long it takes them to say the color of the squares and the color of the words. The research was conducted in the Math Studies class. The participants were aged 16-17 and were students at Garland High School. The results showed that participants took the most time with the incongruent words.

An example of this is relating back to the study that Shepard and Matzler conducted in 1973, during this study participants were occasionally given a drawing of a letter that would be used in the trail, following this, they would be given a cue which stated which direction the object would be rotated before this object actually appeared. It was shown that if this stimulus was presented within 1000 milliseconds, the individual’s results would be the same regardless of the level of rotation. In contrast to this, the results of the Cooper and Shepard experiment in 1975 showed that the response time is shown to increase with the orientation of the object. Subjects claimed during this experiment that they found it necessary to imagine that one object was rotated to the same orientation as the other object in order to make their judgement, as by doing this they were able to carry out ‘mental rotation’ (Brian Beakley, Peter Ludlow, DATE?, COOPER AND SHEPARD JOURNAL?). As well as this, the subjects stated that due to the fact that they perceived the two-dimensional objects in a three-dimensional space, they were able to carry out the mental rotation with

The nervous system, according to Caroline Bunker Rosdahl, takes what we learn from the outside world and stores the information selectively in our memory to refer back to and to apply to other aspects of our lives. The nervous system also coordinates messages from the internal body systems so that the body can readjust certain internal environments and external environments constantly. The nervous system is set up to send messages to a certain part of the body, and the nerves are the wires that carry out the incoming and outgoing information throughout the body. (Rosdahl, Textbook of Basic Nursing Seventh Edition)

The nervous system is made up of basic units called neurons. The main role of the neurons is to receive, integrate and transmit information throughout the body. There are some neuroglial cells found in nervous system aswell which provide support to the neurons by giving protection and nourishment Neurons have nerve processes that looks like finger like projections extended from the nerve cell body. They also contain axons and dendrites which enable them to transmit signals throughout the body. Normally, axon carry signals away from the cell body and dendrites carry signals toward the cell body according to Regina Bailey (2013). Neurons have three different shapes: bipolar, unipolar and multipolar where bipolar has two neuronal processes coming out of the cell body, unipolar has only one neuronal process coming out of the cell body and multipolar has many neuronal processes coming out of the cell body.

A participant in the experiment can have a response time less than 100 milliseconds if he or she read the lab background and instruction before starting the experiment. This way all the information of what is expected of them has already been process in their brains. In addition, if the participant has their finger on top of the key they have to press after witnessing the dot, this will save time on remembering which key has to be pressed and where on the keyboard is this key located. Finally if the person has a really fast internet connection in their laptop, tablet or phone, this person’s responses will be faster than another participant with slow internet connection. A combination of these things, previous knowledge, physically awareness and internet speed, can help a participant response time to be less than what it is expected.

The brain is the control center of the body. It is tasked with maintaining and controlling every system in the body. The brain controls everything in the body, from undertakings as complex as cognition, to tasks as simple as commanding a muscle to contract in the arm. It is constantly sending and receiving information to and from the body. The brain is a large mass of specifically ordered and linked neurons that communicate with one another through electrical signals. These electrical signals are regulated by the concentrations of certain chemicals within the neurons. These electrochemical signals are like the currency of the brain because these signals make up all of the communication within the brain and much of the communication between the brain and the body. For information to be sent the

Learning is described as reasonably lasting change in behavior through a variety of experiences (Terry, 2009). Typically, learning evolves sensory learning such as habituation, perceptual learning, experiencing different stimulus influences, or simple stimulus learning (Terry, 2009). Normally stimulus in an individual’s environment will evoke a response. When a person is exposed to the same stimulus continually it causes a decrease in the response, this is called habituation. For instance, the sound of a bell might at first capture your attention. However, after hearing the sound of the bell over and over again, you might become less distracted as the response to the stimulus decreases. The decreased response

In this study we wanted to measure whether or not implicit learning occurs with time in the RSVP task. Implicit learning simply means unintentional or indirect learning. We also wanted to determine if periodicity plays a role in the implicit learning of a timing pattern (Key, 2013). In order to understand why

In order for our bodies to act or to give an automatic response, our bodies need to have a nervous system where neurons can communicate with the neurons in our brains. The nervous system controls our responses which gives us the ability to have a behavior towards a stimulus. Our nervous system has two main parts, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord; moreover, they are responsible for receiving information and conducting a response. The peripheral nervous system includes all the other nerve cells found throughout the body; the peripheral nervous system contains the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is voluntary and transfers sensory information to the central nervous system and back to the skeletal muscles. The autonomic nervous system, on the other hand,