Essay on Hypokinetic and Hyperkinetic Dysarthria

Symptoms are often hard for a doctor to assess, especially in the elderly because many of the symptoms show up in other common diseases such as osteoporosis and aging itself. The effects of Parkinson's Disease are often devastating. If not treated the disease can progress into causing total disability, and deterioration of all brain functions.

Another cause can be the existence of Lewy bodies in the patients brain. Lewy bodies are bundles of certain substances among brain cells. Within Lewy bodies a protein termed alpha-synuclein is present (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Researchers say that synuclein is an immense factor in Parkinson’s disease. Environmental toxins can also increase the decay of neurons. A few of the toxins that have been associated with Parkinson’s disease consist of carbon disulfide, commonly found in many gases released from the earth’s surface, manganese, found in iron and steel, and carbon monoxide, which is the gas produced by cars (WebMD, 2014). All of these factors lead to patients showing signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

The purpose of this paper was to describe the differences in neural activity in the motor circuit on animal subjects with hypo and hyperkinetic disorders. Hyperkinetic disorders are disorders that cause problems with movement initiation and reduce voluntary movements. While hyperkinetic disorders cause too much involuntary movements. There have been many primate models of Parkinson's disease but the one caused by MPTP is the one that is most alike to Parkinson's disease found in humans. Animals that are treated with MPTP develop symptoms that are similar to people with Parkinson's disease such as Akinesia, Bradykinesia, flexed posture, muscle rigidity, and postural tremor. Not all monkeys develop the tremor characteristic but the African

To begin Parkinson 's disease is a degenerative neurological condition. Symptoms worsen over time and there is no known cause. It is not considered to be a fatal disease. Nearly one million people suffer from Parkinson’s. Approximately four percent are diagnosed before the age of Fifty. Every person that suffers from Parkinson’s may experience various symptoms.

Parkinson disease (PD), also referred to as Parkinson’s disease and paralysis agitans, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the third most common neurologic disorder of older adults. It is a debilitating disease affecting motor ability and is characterized by four cardinal symptoms: tremor rigidity, bradykinesia or kinesis (slow movement/no movement), and postural instability. Most people have primary, or idiopathic, disease. A few patients have secondary parkinsonian symptoms from conditions such as brain tumors and certain anti-psychotic drugs.

For some people the level of dysarthria is so high that understandable speech may not be an option. In this case, they learn other methods of communicating. Some people may use alphabet

The movement disorders associated with Huntington's disease can include both involuntary movements and impairments in voluntary movements:

Being unable to control your bladder, or difficulty urinating is also a complication of Parkinson’s. Due to a slower digestive tract, you may have constipation. Your blood pressure also changes. You will feel dizzy or lightheaded when you stand; this is due to orthostatic hypotension, a drop in blood pressure. You may also experience problems in your sense of smell. You may have trouble identifying a certain odor, or differentiating between smells. Fatigue and pain are also complications of the disease. You lose energy and quickly become tired. Pain is usually associated in different parts of the body.

Adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) is a voice disorder due to central motor processing abnormalities which result in decreased control of the laryngeal muscles (Blitzer, 2010). The idiopathic disorder is characterized by involuntary spasms of the laryngeal muscles controlling vocal fold adduction (National Spasmodic Dysphonia Association, 2012). The dysphonic characteristics presented by patients with ADSD are described as strained, strangled, and effortful due to irregular adductions of the vocal folds and the occlusion of air through the vocal tract during phonation(Blitzer,2010; Cannito, Doiuchi, Murry &Woodson, 2012). Patients with muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) present with similar perceptual vocal characteristics however, treatment for the two disorders is quite different. Speech-language pathologists often have difficulty diagnosing and distinguishing between ADSD, a neurological disorder, and MTD, a functional voice disorder (Rees et al., 2007). Correct diagnosis is important and objective measures, such as spectral analysis, are more sufficient in distinguishing the two disorders(Rees et al., 2007).

It is very much the same for a body without dopamine. Early symptoms are slight shaking or tremors in the fingers, hand, lower face, and leg. Also a person’s handwriting can suddenly decrease in size, the letters are smaller and the words are crowded together. Oftentimes people experience a moment of freezing once they stand before being able to move forward, or stiffness in the shoulders and hips. Over time all of these symptoms escalate as the level of dopamine drops and the instructions the brain receives becomes more fragmented. What was once a slight tremor has now spread up the entire arm and may occur when the arm is at rest. Movements become increasingly slower as the muscles start to freeze randomly, this is called bradykinesia. Sometime even the face can freeze causing a person to have a mask like expression; this is referred to as akinesia. The constant tremors, shuffling gait, and stooped posture represent only the motor symptoms; patients also suffer from weight loss, depression, loss of smell and taste, low blood pressure as well as digestion

It is neurological.According to the study of best neurologist in NYC; Parkinson’s outcomes from a chemical imbalance inside the basal ganglia, a structure inside the brainstem. Neurons in that locale that are in charge of making the substance dopamine, which sends signs to start development, are murdered. The

Correspondingly, the loss of oral and pharyngeal sensitivity also affects the cough reflex. These two factors in combination create a “perfect storm” situation of poor salivary management and failure to cough when necessary. With this, the patient becomes at-risk for silent aspiration and laryngeal penetration of saliva or food. This can compromise the respiratory system, and expose the vocal folds to trauma. The muscle weakness, tremors, and rigidity can exact a toll on vocal folds as well, causing atrophy and vocal fold bowing. In addition to the risk of aspiration, the respiratory system reflects stiffer, weaker expiratory muscles. Respiratory support for both speech and pulmonary function are lessened. Postural instability is one of the overriding symptoms that indicate a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease and compounds the risk and weakness to the respiratory system (Umemoto et al. 2010). Obvious muscle weaknesses are not the only sign of a Parkinson's patient.

Many people around the world today suffer from Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders. A movement disorder is a disorder impairing the speed, fluency, quality, and ease of movement. There are many types of movement disorders such as impaired fluency and speed of movement (dyskinesia), excessive movements (hyperkinesia), and slurred movements (hypokinesia). Some types of movement disorders are ataxia, a lack of coordination, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophies, myoclonus, brief, rapid outbursts of movement, progressive supranuclear palsy, restless legs syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, tics, Tourette's syndrome, tremor, Wilson disease, dystonia, which causes involuntary body movement, and Parkinson's disease. Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome, and tics are one of the most widely known of these disorders, known to impair people of movements and rob them of their lives.

Parkinson’s Disease is known as one of the most common progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. It belongs to a group of conditions known as movement disorders. Parkinson disease is a component of hypokinetic disorder because it causes a decreased in bodily movement. It affects people who are usually over the age of 50. It can impair an individual motor as well as non-motor function. Some of the primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are characterized by tremors or trembling in hands, legs and arms. In early symptoms the tremor can be unilateral, appearing in one side of body but progression in the disease can cause it to spread to both sides; rigidity or a resistant to movement affects most people with Parkinson’s disease,

It has been known that PD is a disorder affecting the basal ganglia. The term basal ganglia is generally applied to a collection of nuclei situated deep within the cerebral hemispheres, lying laterally to the thalamus (Gazzeniga, George, and Mangun, 2008). The basal ganglia are important subcortical structures. They are composed of five nuclei: caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. These nuclei are not thought of a single anatomical entity; rather, they form a functional unity whose contribution is greatly to motor control. Interestingly, this system does not influence movement through spinal cord pathways, but rather acts as part of a feedback loop to all areas of the cerebral cortex, with primary input into motor areas (Aird, 2000). A number of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are what control this whole process, and a balance of both is required to ensure that smooth, purposeful movement takes place. In order to understand the pathways of which the basal ganglia take part in, it is essential to know the input and output connections of the basal ganglia. The input