Hypothalamus Research Paper

The endocrine system includes of specific tissues and glands which secrete chemical messengers to the body called hormones. The glands are aided by the nervous system and chemical receptors in the blood and other hormones produced by other glands. Hormones regulate many functions of the body such as cellular metabolism, reproduction, sugar and mineral homeostasis and digestion.

This is known as homeostasis and involves "the maintenance of the body's internal environment within a narrow physiological range" (Bear, Connors, & Paradiso, 2001, p. 500). Another more principal function of the hypothalamus is to control the pituitary gland. The pituitary has two lobes – the posterior pituitary and the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus controls bodily functions and behaviour through these two lobes in very different ways. Active neurons in the hypothalamus cause the release of peptides, which are stored in the posterior pituitary and these then travel through the blood stream to targets in the body where they have their intended effects. For example, oxytocin, a type of peptide, controls uterine contractions. On the other hand anterior pituitary hormones are controlled by the hypothalamus through ‘releasing hormones'. These releasing hormones act to either increase or decrease the release of anterior pituitary hormones, which in turn allows the brain to take control of other parts of the body.

The hypothalamus produces hormones that travel in blood vessels to the anterior pituitary, stimulating it to produce other hormones.

The hypothalamic nucleus, by releasing specific neuro- transmitter peptides, controls the activities of the secretory cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary body. Hormones released or secreted by cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are transported, in the form of granules, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary; from there they are absorbed into the blood stream (Engel, 1997).Under conditions of disease, the neurotransmitter peptides may be quantitatively increased, decreased, or in some way made defective; the neurons that synthesize these peptides or their glandular targets may fail to function or become over active(Ropper, 2002). The nuclei of the hypothalamus are conventionally divided into three paired groups: the anterior group, including the preoptic, supraoptic, and paraventriular nuclei, which are mainly neurohypophysical in their relationships; the middle group, including the tuberal, arcuate, ventrolatural, and dorsal nuclei; and the posterior group including the mammillary and posterior nuclei (Ropper, 2002).The Hypothalamus or hypopysis is divided into two lobes: the anterior, or adenohypophysis, which is derived from the buccal endoderm(Rathke’s pouch),and; the posterior, or neurohypophysis, which forms a diverticulum from the base of the hypothalamus (Bostrom,2003).

The case is about the same with thyroid hormones. The hypothalamus is apart of the brain that produces thyroid-releasing hormones. This hormone pairs with what is known as our pituitary gland to begin the production of a thyroid-stimulating hormone. This pairing up acts on the thyroid in order to produce thyroid hormones, which travel through our bodies.

Posttraumatic stress disorder also most known at PTSD is what someone goes through after being in combat, assault, or disaster1. After the trauma someone people may have stress however, if it has been a long period of time that person may have PTSD. It is important to see a doctor if you feel you may be suffering from PTSD. Symptoms of Posttraumatic stress disorder could be distressed memories of the experience, increased jumpiness, or even troubled sleeping. There has been research that could help cease the symptoms of PTSD. There are ways to avoid re-experiencing symptoms such as, not visiting the places, events, or objects that would remind you of the experience, and feeling of strong guilt or depression. There is another symptom called

The limbic and olfactory systems (the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the olfactory cortex) help control eating and reproduction through the hypothalamus. The thermoreceptors and the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are receptors that help monitor temperature and ionic balance. The hypothalamus can control every endocrine gland in the body. The hypothalamus can alter blood pressure, body temperature, metabolism, and adrenaline levels. There are two outputs that the hypothalamus uses when it becomes aware of a problem. One of the outputs it uses is sending neural signals to the autonomic system. The hypothalamus sends signals to the medulla, where the parasympathetic vagal nuclei and cell groups that descend to the spinal cord are located, which help drive the autonomic system. When the hypothalamus gains admittance to these systems, it is able to control functions such as digestion, heart rate, sweating, and vasoconstriction (when blood vessels narrow, and consequently reduce the flow of blood or create high blood pressure). The other input the hypothalamus uses is sending endocrine signals, chemical signals sent through the blood stream, to the pituitary. Large cells from the hypothalamus send axons to the posterior pituitary, which in turn releases oxytocin and vasopressin into the bloodstream. More axons are also sent by smaller cells to the base of the pituitary. There the axons discharge releasing factors into the pituitary's capillary system. This

The endocrine system is a group of glands distributed throughout the human body. This group of glands secretes substances called hormones. These hormones are dumping into the bloodstream (Shier, Butler & Lewis, 2009). The endocrine system does not have a single anatomic location. It is dispersed throughout the human body. The final purpose of this process is to control, regulate, and coordinate the functioning of the human body. Some body functions can be activated or inhibited by hormones, which are secreted in very small quantities. The hormone related diseases may be due to hyper secretion, or a hypo secretion. The hormones secreted by the endocrine glands regulate growth, development and function of many tissues, and coordinate the

Another thing that makes up the limbic system is Hypothalamus. Hypothalamus is a small part on the brain. It’s located under the thalamus. It is interconnected with the nervous system. It receives many things from the brain stem. It’s shaped like an almond in a human. It also produces neurohypophysial hormones, oxytocin, and vasopressin. This is also is a change in emotion and behavior. There are two nerve cells in the hypothalamus that make hormones. These types are directly admitted into the bloodstream. If this was damaged it would spread throughout the body. The effects of this would be difference in body temperature. Also glucose levels would changed to. There are also signs that your hypothalamus. Some of these signs are bleeding,infections,swelling,and

The condition SAD is a type of winter depression and may be linked to the reduced

Role in Body: The endocrine system secretes chemical messenger molecules collectively called hormones into the blood. These hormones help regulate a variety of processes in the body (reproduction, metabolism, growth, etc.)

2. The adrenal cortex is stimulated via adrenocortotropic hormone, thyroid gland secretes by thyroid stimulating hormone, pituitary secretes these hormones, pancreas, and ovary and testis secretes FSH and LSH. These are major endocrine glands.

Fear is an emotional response that is instinctive when faced with something, or someone that is perceived to be dangerous, or a possible threat to one’s well-being. This is something that everyone experiences on their own level. Everyone’s own interpretation of what they’re afraid of is different based on what they’ve seen or heard. Something that a certain individual’s fear might just be something that another individual might roll his or her eyes over.

As discussed in our book the loss of an entire cerebral hemisphere is survivable because the functions for survival are duplicated in both the right and left hemispheres. However, the loss of a cerebral hemisphere does not mean that the person’s ability to function will not be impaired. The loss of a cerebral hemisphere could result in several things including: motor, language, visual, sensory, and cognitive difficulties. Furthermore, as the book states “…it would cause unilateral paralysis, blindness, and loss of somatic sensation, and could cause a loss of speech or language comprehension.” The hypothalamus is much more sensitive as we learned in Anatomy one. This is the area of the brain that is referred to as “indispensable to life”. It

The anterior pituitary is an endocrine gland controlled by the hypothalamus in several different fashions. Releasing and