In The Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorder ( DSM-5 )?

The rate of suicide, the act or an instance of taking one's own life voluntarily and intentionally, increases each year. “More adolescents die each year from suicide than from cancer, heart disease, AIDS, birth defects, stroke, pneumonia, influenza, and chronic lung disease, combined” (Preventing Teen Suicide, 2016, p.2). These facts show suicide is a serious problem among teens. Last year, teen suicide became the second leading cause of death in the United States confirming the significant increase in teen suicides.

According to Fowler, Crosby, Parks, and Ivey (2013), suicide and nonfatal suicidal ideations are significant public health concerns for adolescents and young adults. While the onset of suicidal behaviors is observed as young as six years of age, rates of death and nonfatal injury resulting from suicidal behavior are moderately low until 15 years of age (Fowler et al., 2013). According to Fowler et al (2013), the most current available statistics in the United States (U. S.) reported suicide as the third leading cause of death among youth aged 10-14 and 15-19 years, and it was the second leading cause of death among persons aged 20-24 years.

In 2014, suicide was the tenth leading cause of death overall in the United States. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2015), there were twice as many suicides than there were homicides. Suicidal ideation (SI), defined as an individual thinking about, considering, or planning their suicide, is established before the act of committing suicide. Research suggests that adverse childhood experiences (CDC, 2015) will put an individual at risk for developing a mental illness that could result in SI and suicide attempt (SA). It is important for the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) to recognize the signs of SI and SA while assessing their client.

The Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire taps into lifetime’s suicide ideation and/or suicide attempt, assess the frequency of suicidal ideations over the past twelve months, assess the threat of suicide attempt, and evaluate self-reported likelihood of suicidal behavior in the future (Osman, Bagg, Gutierrez,

Whereas this support may includes confession of NSSI behavior, other times more general forms of support are key in cessation. Though disclosure and conversation of NSSI behavors were most likely to be with the self-injurers’ peers or significant others, it was shown that these conversations were least likely to be effective and helpful. On the other hand, conversation with professionals and parents, though less likely to be initiated by self-injurers, were more expected to be perceived as helpful. Though more research is needed in this area, this study suggests that disclosure to at least one trusted adult may be helpful for NSSI

According to Beck and Steer (1991), the BSS was used to assess the “severity” of adults and adolescent’s suicidal ideation. The BSS is 21-item self-report instrument used by clinicians in a professional setting by assessing a patient’s risk to commit suicide and bring to surface characteristics of suicide. The BSS was birthed from the SSI to create a self-report version that could would measure the same as the SSI. As stated previously the BSS is a 21-item assessment that measures the severity of suicidal ideation. The first 19 questions of the assessment address the patient’s wishes, attitudes, and plans for suicide (Beck & Steer, 1991). The scoring for the assessment is 0 to 2 which

The National Suicide Prevention Strategy (NSPS) promotes prevention and early intervention on suicide. It originated in 1995, and then expanded in 1999 when more evidence for the risk of suicidal behaviours emerged. The main objectives of NSPS are to target suicide prevention activities, create standards and raise the quality of suicide prevention, build and educate on self-help, improve the community, and improve the understanding of suicide prevention. The components of the strategy are listed in four inter-related components:

This piece of research shows that low self-esteem has a definite relationship with suicidal deaths. Including that it should be paid close attention to, due to it being a critical cause of

Suicide among adolescents, has been an increasing problem over the past several decades. Suicide is now the third leading cause of death for young people ages 15 to 24, accounting for 20% of all suicidal deaths. Looking through a biopsychosocial lens, there are factors that we can see that contribute to the thoughts and attempts of suicide, these factors include stressful life events, such as academic problems, unintended pregnancy,

One factor that might increase an adolescent’s risk of engaging in NSSI is to numb “emotional pain or emotionally painful event because they are feeling overwhelmed. Sometimes adolescents will do self-mutilating to bring themselves back to reality or alternatively to numb themselves.” (Laureate) in which case the may cut themselves using razor blades, erasers or even burning themselves by branding.

Different generations and different ethnic groups are involved when it comes to NSSI. There are numerous amounts of research to show the different sides of this disease. The research can sound contradictory on the topic, but in the end majority of the authors all draw very similar conclusions. “Young people and those who support them are increasingly aware of the practice of self-injury among adolescence” (Whitlock 2006). In The Cutting Edge: Non Suicidal Self Injury in Adolescence written by Janis Whitlock, shows a great point of view on this disease. Janis Whitlock PHD is “director of the Cornell Research Program on Self-Injurious Behavior in Adolescence and Young Adults, and a research scientist in the Family Life Development Center at Cornell University” (Whitlock 2006).The belief on this disease either is a suicidal attempt or

Non-suicidal self-injury is considered “non-suicidal” in its intention because the actions aren’t done with intent to die, they are done with intent to comfort ones self. According to the Bullying and Self Directed Violence Fact Sheet, those who use NSSI have an “emotional significance” to their actions or “no emotional attachment” at all, therefore the actions seem to be done with the intent to manage or subdue emotion (Curtis, 2015). The fact sheet also discusses NSSI as being used as a way of relieving “anxiety, depression, (and) internal turmoil” (Curtis, 2015). On the contrary, NSSI could be considered a risk factor for suicide because I’m sure some of the risk factors for NSSI and suicide overlap. Also, an individual might use NSSI for

For the second study it consisted of 98 undergraduate students, which included 39 men and 59 women who were selected from their psychology class in Ohio State University who have completed the course credits. When selecting the students it was based of a screening with the Beck Suicide Scale (BSS; Beck and Steer, 1993). Through the results they were grouped from showing of previous suicide attempts recorded N=40 and two or more attempts which was recorded as N=16. To determine the scale of depression it was zero, which indicated nothing present to one which meant it was present. In the Table 2 there major things noticed when being measured.

Suicide is a main source of death around the world and ranks among the three main causes of death among young adults aged between 15-45 years. Indeed, a response to this continuous worldwide issue, the World Health Organization called for the prevention of suicide (WHO, 2015). Several studies have evaluated some of the contributing factors, however, the connection between suicide and the evaluated factors is conclusively positive or negative.

“Suicidal behavior and suicidal ideation continue to be recognized as significant health concerns among adolescents and you adults”. In fact, globally, suicide impacts adolescents making it the second leading cause of death. As a result, researchers continue examining aspects associated with suicide attempts fir preventative purposes. Furthermore, understanding the definition a suicide attempt in adolescents helps bring clarity to the importance of this issue. Anju and Subha define an adolescent suicide attempt as “am adolescent (13-19 years of age) who had made a deliberate act serious arm of suicide, researchers continue seeking preventative measures for adolescent’. Because of the increase in suicide ideation and attempted