Infant Mortality Rate Analysis

“Compared with European Americans, African American infants experience disproportionately high rates of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm delivery and are more than twice as likely to die during their 1st year of life”(Giscombé, C. L., & Lobel, M., 2005). The infant mortality rate for African Americans is 13.7 deaths per 1000 live births, more than twice the rate (5.7) for White Americans in the U.S. (Kung, Hoyert, Xu, & Murphy, 2008). A lot of the racial disparity in infant mortality can be explained by low birthweight and preterm delivery, which are also disproportionately and often experienced by African Americans (Martin et al., 2007).

Many things will affect people’s decision to travel, the destinations they choose and for how long they stay. Different destinations are affected by different factors, here we will explore these factors and the destinations they effect.

According to Healthy People 2020, "Improving the well-being of mothers, infants, and children, is an important public health goal for the United States. Their well-being determines the health of the next generation and can help predict future public health challenges for families, communities, and the health care system" (Healthy People 2020, 2015). Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday, while fetal mortality is defined as the intrauterine death of a fetus at any gestational age (MMRW, 2013 and MacDorman, Kirmeyer & Wilson, 2012). In the United States an estimated 13,000 fetal deaths occurred ≥ 28 weeks gestation making up 28% of all perinatal deaths in 2006, the latest year with available national data (Lee,

Vegetation: Places with plentiful variety of flora and fauna will have a higher population density than places with less variety and quantity. The quantity and quality of food and shelter, as well as the scenery, will have an impact on people’s choice when choosing to travel. (Interrelationships: There is an environmental impact as farmers want to have the best land for farming. They need to find areas with good soil and might possibly have to cut down trees to make room for the

Maternal mortality represents more than the loss of lives for individual women, as it also reflects the larger value and prioritization of women 's health and threatens the health and survival of families, young children, and even the communities in which they live (Royston and Armstrong, 1989). Maternal mortality is unacceptably high (WHO, 2015b). Globally, approximately 830 women die every day from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications (ibid.). The causes of maternal mortality are predominately preventable and can be classified into three fundamental causes: (1) medical - consisting of direct medical problems and pre-existent/coexistent medical problems that are aggravated by pregnancy, (2) underlying - social and legal conditions, and (3) health systems laws and policies that address availability, accessibility, and quality of reproductive health services (PHP et al, 2011).

The journal written by Christopher and Simpson (2014) addresses the outcomes birth disparities between African American and White population. Although infant mortality rates declined 12 percent in the US from 2005 to 2011, which represents 6.05 infant deaths per 1000 live births, African American still have the highest rate on infant mortality in the nation. The infant mortality rate for this population in this period of time was 12.4 infant deaths per 1000 live births. According to the article, African American babies die before the first birthday twice the rate comparing to White babies.

The infant mortality rate stays extremely high in the US, and even more considering it is a developed country. The black population remains the ethnicity the most hit by this issue. For instance, in San Francisco, the black infant mortality comes to 16.2 deaths per 1,000 births, compared with the white rate of 2.5 (Gonzales, 2013).

General Public: American citizens are interested in the lowering of the infant mortality for two reasons; the first is because this rate is considered to be an indicator of the general health and well-being of a country. Secondly, the infant mortality rate has a variety of causes such as SIDS, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug abuse, education, interpersonal violence, chronic maternal conditions, sleep environment, congenital abnormalities and ethnicity. Several cities and states have initiatives to combat the high rate on infant mortality in minority communities especially the African- American community.

I chose this topic because 70% of our patients that come into our hospital are the African-American community. Infant mortality in this community is higher compared to others. My paper is geared towards to the improvement of infant mortality and have come up with several approaches to this problem. First and foremost the rate of pregnancies

This is compared to 1.2 percent of infant deaths from all black couples. This is a significant difference when talking about infant deaths between races and there is still a difference when we look at couples with one black parent and one white parent. The percentage was 0.7 percent for a white mother and black father or vice versa. When we look at the time frame of 1998-2006, the percentages in all groups dropped by only 0.1 percent (El-Sayed, Paczkowski, Rutherford, Keyes, & Galea, 2015). Based off this study we can infer that black couples have a higher risk of having an infant die. According to the National Vital Statistics Reports, in 2013 Non-Hispanic Black had the highest infant mortality rate in the United States with 11.11 deaths per

In 2013, 289 000 women died during pregnancy and childbirth and it was estimated that everyday 800 women all over the world died from childbirth or childbirth-related problems (World Health Organization, 2014). Often, maternal mortality is found to occur more often in developing countries than developed countries. Maternal mortality refers women who died from the situation like during pregnancy, termination of pregnancy within 42 days, regardless of duration and place of pregnancy, from aggravation caused by the pregnancy or pregnancy management (Nwagha et al, 2010). Maternal mortality may be resulted from direct or indirect cause. Direct causes are from obstetric complications of pregnancy, labour, and puerperium, and interventions whereas indirect causes are from the worsening of current conditions by pregnancy or delivery (Givewell, 2009). This paper aims to examine the causes for maternal mortality in both developed and developing countries and will end with a proposal for government to ensure women are given reproductive health rights.

Tourism plays a vital role in economic development in most countries around the world. The industry has not only direct economic impact, but also significant indirect and influential impacts. There is agreement among experts that the travel and tourism sector is the fastest growing of global economy. According to the latest UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, international tourism receipts surpass US$ 1 trillion in 2011, growing about 3.8%up from 2010 (WTO, 2012).

Despite the fact that the maternal mortality ratio is considered one of the main indicators of a country’s status in the area of maternal health, the burden of maternal mortality is only a small fraction of the burden of maternal morbidity; the health problems borne by women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Maternal deaths have been described as the tip of the iceberg and maternal morbidity as the base. Yet, women who survive life-threatening conditions arising from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth have many common aspects with those who die of such complications (1, 2).

As a child, everyone remembers having to get shots. My first memorable experience with shots came at age four. I didn’t understand why I needed shots. All I knew was this sharp thing was going to be stuck in my arm and it was going to hurt. Before I got my four year old shots I received my first set of vaccines, vaccines that people are now claiming are dangerous. Research shows that child death rates have been reduced by more than half since 1990 due to vaccinations (Asia News Monitor).

Another aspect of impact of tourism on a country’s economy is that it facilitates the expansion of the market of goods and services. Foreigners come to a country willing to spend money on different goods and services, thus increasing the amounts of sales. This is a great chance for producers and service providers to receive larger profits. This concerns not only hoteliers, tour operators, and souvenir shops owners. Public transportation, retail stores of different kind, restaurants, and cafes benefit from international tourism. Obviously, if these industries are in demand, businesses will be expanding. On the one hand, it means that more money is paid to the budget. On the other hand, profits generated by the owners are spent inside the country, affecting almost all the fields of the