Influenza D Virus Analysis

Viral cell culturing has become a commonly used method for the cultivation of viruses. Before cell cultures, many viruses were propagated by the use of an embryonated egg. However, today embryonated eggs are still used for the production of vaccines and for the isolation of avian and influenza viruses. In addition, there are several procedures that must be carried out when a virus is grown in an embryonated egg. For instance, the eggs must be candled (to determine viability) and disinfected before a hole is drilled. Next, the virus must be injected into the appropriate area of a 5-14 day old embryonated egg. Signs of successful viral growth include pocks, hemagglutination, or death of the embryo 2-5 days after injection. In this lab, the purpose was to inject Influenza A Virus (H1N1) strain APR/8/34 into the chorioallantoic sac of a 9-11 day old embryonated egg. Our hypothesis was that the Influenza A virus will grow successfully in the embryonated egg to yield successful results for the following lab.

According to the CDC there was a breakout in “1918-19 Flu pandemic, which killed as many as 50 million people worldwide”causing the biggest breakout for Influenza (Reconstruction of 1918 Influenza Pandemic Virus). Influenza originated from Asia and the Middle East. Virtually all mammalian species have influenza. Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the Influenza virus. There are three types of Influenza: type A, type B, and type C. Influenza has numerous symptoms, vaccinations, and is unlikely to kill it’s host.

Describe two innate (nonspecific) immune responses that might prevent an influenza virus from causing any noticeable infection, even if the virus enters your respiratory passages.

In van Riel et al’s case report, the influenza virus was isolated from the olfactory bulb and gyrus rectus of an 11 month old female. The infant presented to the ED with fever and shortness of breath. Patient's medical history revealed a delay in motor development. At 5 months, She was diagnosed with non-focal sepsis and was treated with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim for 2 months till her neutrophil concentration was back to normal. On physical examination, she had bilateral crepitations over her lungs and an oxygen saturation of 91%. Chest radiography revealed an infiltrate to the right lower lung lobe that was identical to pneumonia. No bacterial organism was isolated from blood samples on day 1, but she was treated with a combination

Short Answer: Avian Influenza is destroying flocks of the layer industry. This is causing the price of eggs to skyrocket. There has been some discussion of broiler, and breeder eggs being placed into the market to help reduce the rising price of eggs. The FDA Final Egg Safety Rule prevents the sale of broiler and breeder produced eggs for human consumption. There are several parts to the rule that would keep broiler producers and breeders from entering the egg market.

The epidemiology of Influenza virus is complex. It appears that resurgence occurs after an interval of 1.5 to 2years.Continuous surveillance and monitoring of influenza like illness along with a vaccination strategy is crucial for

Influenza A virus is extremely virulent and is known for being the most severe type of influenza. This type of virus generally resides in aquatic birds, which act as hosts for the virus. However, influenza A is capable of being transmitted to other species which

First of all, I would like to thank you for the interview. As you know, one of my main interests is to bring my extensive teaching and research experience from the advanced institutes of learning to CDC. My experience to work with HIV-1 pathogenesis at Emory University is a plus to work with influenza virus. Also, your research program complements with my research strength. My impression was of a strong program with a group of people that enjoy working with each other in an environment of camaraderie and teamwork. As we discussed during my interview, the search of a better way to prevent influenza infection is to study the mechanism of pathogenesis of infection and a lot of work yet to be done and the willingness that you and your colleagues

The flu (influenza) is a highly contagious virus that attacks the respiratory system. The flu has three strains, H1N1 strain, H3N2 strain and influenza B strain. The first known case according to UXL Encyclopedia of Diseases and Disorders “The first influenza pandemic that is known to have been global in scale took place in 1850; it started in China and spread across central Asia to Africa and then to Europe where it nearly wiped out the populations of several major cities in southern Italy and Spain”. The number of cases in the U.S. and worldwide is according to www.cdc.gov “There has been 11,965 laboratory-confirmed flu-related hospitalizations.” The number of cases in the US and world wide per year is 3-5 million.

Structure: The influenza virus looks like a sphere covered with spike like proteins for grip ready to latch on to a healthy human cell. “The H spike (hem agglutinin) and the N spike (neuraminidase) are called proteins and exist in the envelope and they are used for antigenic typing” (Pearson 2004). These proteins allow the virus to enter and exit the host (our cells). Once the virus is inside the cell, the virus can begin reproducing. Soon, each infected cell is filled with thousands of new viruses, each of them looking to leave the cell to find a new home in another cell and begin reproducing there.

A common problem regarding compliance with the influenza vaccine is patients’ misconceptions that the vaccine itself can potentially cause them to contract the flu. As sentinels at the forefront of health of the community, it is critical (albeit profoundly challenging) for pharmacists to educate patients on these misunderstandings.

Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for causing influenza. It is an acute respiratory illness that occurs every year mainly during fall and winter (from late November through March).1 Therefore, CDC recommends to vaccinate everyone 6 months and older with influenza vaccine every year. Children aged 6 months – 4 years, adults 50 years and over, health care professionals, immunosuppressed personnel, American Indians/ Alaska natives, extremely obese patients (BMI ≥ 40) and pregnant women should be prioritized to receive influenza vaccines in case of limited vaccine supply.2 Among adults, people over 65 years have more chances of complications, hospitalizations and death from influenza vaccine as most of them have some chronic diseases which

Two distinct lineages of H9N2 influenza viruses exist: North American and Eurasian lineages. The Eurasian lineage is composed of at least three sub-lineages. This lineage is divided into three major sub-lineages represented by their prototype strains: A/chicken/ Korea/38349-p96323/96 (Korean-like), A/duck/Hong Kong/ Y280/97 (Y280-like), and A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (G1-like) [13, 23]. Throughout the second half of the 1990s, outbreaks resulting from H9N2 subtypes were reported in many countries, namely Germany, Italy, Ireland, South Africa, USA, Korea, China, and the Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran [4].

Avian Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease and can affect wide varieties of birds and mammals. The virus belongs to family orthomyxoviridae type A influenza (Wright and Webster 2001). According to the virus pathogenicity, AI is classified into high and low pathogenic forms. It is causing great economic losses in the Egyptian poultry industry because of its outbreaks are characterized by a very rapid onset and widespread occurrence in a very short time (Aly et al.2008).

Avian influenza viruses are in the Orthomyxoviridae family and are further classified as a type A influenza virus. There are many subtypes of influenza viruses due to the fast mutating nature of this type of virus; these subtypes are categorized by the Haemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N) antigens on the surface of the viruses (USDA 2015). Avian influenza virus is a zoonotic pathogen, meaning it can be passed from animals to humans, causing infection. Birds are the primary host for avian influenza viruses and they don’t usually infect humans (CDC 2017). Birds carrying the virus shed it in their saliva, mucous and feces.