Influenza D Virus Analysis

According to the CDC there was a breakout in “1918-19 Flu pandemic, which killed as many as 50 million people worldwide”causing the biggest breakout for Influenza (Reconstruction of 1918 Influenza Pandemic Virus). Influenza originated from Asia and the Middle East. Virtually all mammalian species have influenza. Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the Influenza virus. There are three types of Influenza: type A, type B, and type C. Influenza has numerous symptoms, vaccinations, and is unlikely to kill it’s host.

Influenza, commonly called "the flu," is an illness caused by RNA viruses that infect the respiratory tract of many animals, birds, and humans. Influenza viruses are found in body fluids such as saliva and mucous and commonly transmitted via tiny, air-born droplets created through sneezing and coughing. Depending on the conditions and temperature of the environment, the Influenza virus can remain infectious for up to one month. Transmission occurs as a new host comes into contact with viruses dispersed into the air or onto surfaces of objects. The main targets of the influenza virus are the columnar epithelial cells of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. HA binds to galactose-bound sialic acid on the surface of host cells. The HA binding

The virus has been studied in detail during 2009-2010. Being a complex virus, it is important to study the current scenario and the trends of the circulating virus. During 2015, the incidence of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus among patients presenting with ILI, diagnosed in our tertiary care hospital during the study period was 18.6%. In the 2012-2013 the incidence of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus among patients presenting with ILI, was 8.20% indicating a sharp increase in the number of cases. 9 After 2010, the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A reappeared in several northern and western states of the country during the winter months of 2012-2013. The presently ongoing resurgence since December 2014 however appears to be worse than the previous one, leading to over 30,000 cases and 2000 deaths countrywide (as of 28th March,2015) as compared to 5044 cases and 405 deaths in 2012 and 5250 cases and 692 deaths in 2013.10 The resurgent waves lead to more number of hospitalizations and deaths due to pdmH1N1 as compared to the rest part of the year and appear at an interval of 1.5-2

Influenza virus has caused serious respiratory illness and death over the past centuries. Epidemics and pandemics due to Influenza virus were known to cause morbidity and mortality in humans and other animals. Pandemics have been documented since the 16th century (WHO, 2005) and in the last 400 years, at least 31 pandemics have been recorded (Lazzari and Stohr, 2004). Influenza virus belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, which is characterized by a segmented, minus-stranded RNA genome. Influenza viruses are irregular, spherical (80-120 nm diameter) or filamentous structures and their surfaces are studded with rod-shaped hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) spikes (Betts, 1995). Influenza viruses are of three types A, B, and C. The typing

Influenza is one of the most important human respiratory infections and its seasonal recurrence is a major contributor to human morbidity and mortality. Seasonal influenza has an estimated annual attack rate of 10-20%, leading to 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 250,000 to 500,000 deaths each year [1]. Throughout history, influenza A has also been the greatest contributor of human pandemics. During the last century, four influenza A pandemics (1918, 1957, 1968 and 2009) caused over 50 million deaths globally, created significant social and economic impact on the human society, and shaped future research and public health policies.

The influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are two of the most common pathogens to affect humans; both generally pose no major concern to human life but have the potential to cause catastrophic damage to the lives of susceptible individuals. With many strains of the influenza virus being a constant presence around the world, and S. pneumoniae being a normally harmless commensal bacterium residing in the nasal cavities and upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals , it is likely impossible to quell the spread of either pathogen and so treatments must be found to ensure those with detrimental risk factors are either protected or receive sufficient medical attention in a timely manner in order to prevent irrevocable damage.

Describe two innate (nonspecific) immune responses that might prevent an influenza virus from causing any noticeable infection, even if the virus enters your respiratory passages.

Describe two innate (nonspecific) immune responses that might prevent an influenza virus from causing any noticeable infection, even if the virus enters your respiratory passages.

Viral cell culturing has become a commonly used method for the cultivation of viruses. Before cell cultures, many viruses were propagated by the use of an embryonated egg. However, today embryonated eggs are still used for the production of vaccines and for the isolation of avian and influenza viruses. In addition, there are several procedures that must be carried out when a virus is grown in an embryonated egg. For instance, the eggs must be candled (to determine viability) and disinfected before a hole is drilled. Next, the virus must be injected into the appropriate area of a 5-14 day old embryonated egg. Signs of successful viral growth include pocks, hemagglutination, or death of the embryo 2-5 days after injection. In this lab, the purpose was to inject Influenza A Virus (H1N1) strain APR/8/34 into the chorioallantoic sac of a 9-11 day old embryonated egg. Our hypothesis was that the Influenza A virus will grow successfully in the embryonated egg to yield successful results for the following lab.

The influenza virus usually has a round shape; it can be elongated or even have an irregular shape at times. In addition, it has a layer of spikes on its exterior. Note that there are two different types of these spikes. Each spike has its own protein, one is the hemagglutinin (HA) protein and the other is the neuraminidase (NA) protein. The HA protein lets the virus to attach to a cell, so it can enter into a host cell and start the infection process (every virus must enter cells in order to make more copies of themselves). The NA protein is needed for the virus to leave the host cell, so that new viruses that were made inside the host cell can infect more cells. Because these proteins are present on the surface of the virus, they are visible to the human immune system. Inside the layer of spikes, are eight pieces of RNA that contain the genetic information for making new copies of the virus. Each segment contains instructions to make one or more proteins of the virus.

As an Allergy-Immunology Technician, it is imperative to familiarize yourself with immunization updates and current events to provide patients with the best possible care. One of the vaccines that cause the most discussion is the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. This vaccine provides protection against the seasonal influenza virus that traditionally hits the United States in the winter months. The following will discuss some background information on the influenza virus, which will lead into the interim 2016-2017 influenza vaccine effectiveness report, and then the data will be compared to previous seasons. Hopefully, this will allow vaccine administrators the ability to effectively inform their patients on the data the can be found concerning

Two types of influenza vaccine are available, including inacBIVated (killed) preparation via intramuscular injection, as well as a live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccine delivered nasally. Mostly available marketed Inactivated vaccines are further categorized as whole virus, split virus or subunit types, which is composed of two influenza A strains and one B strain .

Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for causing influenza. It is an acute respiratory illness that occurs every year mainly during fall and winter (from late November through March).1 Therefore, CDC recommends to vaccinate everyone 6 months and older with influenza vaccine every year. Children aged 6 months – 4 years, adults 50 years and over, health care professionals, immunosuppressed personnel, American Indians/ Alaska natives, extremely obese patients (BMI ≥ 40) and pregnant women should be prioritized to receive influenza vaccines in case of limited vaccine supply.2 Among adults, people over 65 years have more chances of complications, hospitalizations and death from influenza vaccine as most of them have some chronic diseases which

Short Answer: Avian Influenza is destroying flocks of the layer industry. This is causing the price of eggs to skyrocket. There has been some discussion of broiler, and breeder eggs being placed into the market to help reduce the rising price of eggs. The FDA Final Egg Safety Rule prevents the sale of broiler and breeder produced eggs for human consumption. There are several parts to the rule that would keep broiler producers and breeders from entering the egg market.

The incubation period of Influenza virus is reported to be average 2 days (range 1–4 days). The shedding of the influenza virus is detectable 24 to 48 hours before the clinical onset. The shedding reaches peak during the first 24 hours of illness due to virus. The virus shedding generally declines over next 5 days which may be longer in children (Carrat et