Inhalation Anthrax Essay

There are many mysteries about the smallpox virus. Since the seventeenth century, doctors have understood that if the pustules merge into sheets across the body the victim will usually die: the virus has split the whole skin. If the victim survives, the pustules turn into scabs and fall off, leaving scars. This is known as ordinary smallpox.

Dispatch alerted Central Pd. Officer C. M. Early about a white male 25 years old with a gunshot to the chest and abdomen. Officer Early arrived on the scene at 0630. Officer Early talked to the witness, Custodial staff Jody de Cleaner, who said that he heard popping sounds at 0620 and decided to walk over where he found the body. The EMS arrived shortly after at 0650 to transport the victim to the hospital. Ten minutes after the EMS arrived I arrived at the crime scene.

I then discovered there were no other victims or threats. Soon After detecting no pulse on both bodies I secure the scene with crime scene tape. EMS arrives at 11:34 AM and pronounces both dead on arrival at 11:40am. The Male victim was later identified as Johnny Nogood resident of the house DOB 7/4/86, and driver's license number 87654321 Tx. His Lifeless body was laying on his back, with his head towards the door. His left arm was to his side as the right arm was above the side of his head. There was a red liquid substance surrounding his head, it was also coming out of his nose and mouth running in the direction of his forehead. Johnny was wearing a blue hoodie, blue jean pants and brown boots. Next to his left foot was a pistol and next to his right leg was an empty magazine. Across the room was a female body laying on her side in front of a refrigerator, with her back towards the entry door of the house. She was laying in a puddle of red substance, That appeared to be her own. The red liquid substance appeared to be distributed. The disturbance may have been from the dog who was injured. The dog was guarding its owner during the 911 Call. The female who was later

Howitt, 2011). Health officials knew that to implement an effective response, they would have to

Incident to arrest, I searched Sutton’s fanny pack and found a glass pipe, which resembled a crystal methamphetamine pipe. I then searched Sutton’s backpack and found a blue plastic container. I opened the container and saw a crystal substance inside, resembling crystal

Ottilie Lundgren was a 94 year old woman who was the nation's 18th case since early October. A month before she passed she received a letter containing the “deadly bacteria”. Authorities have come and sealed off her house and looked into her family, friends, and people close to her for clues to help them solve this case. The FBI and CDC are treating this as a murder case which is very serious. They are going through ottilie’s home taking any information they can use. Her case is a very hard one to solve because she had no connections or anything like the other 17 cases that have happened before her. Lundgrens age advanced her death because there was not much they could do to help her. There was one case similar to hers where the victim had

I and Detective C. Crews then looked at the victim’s body and noticed he had vomited on his pants. We then looked around the back yard to see if we could locate any additional vomit. After checking the back yard we started to conduct interviews.

This is a highly responsible position located within the Bureau of Preparedness and Response and assigned to the Evaluation and Analysis Unit. This position is primarily responsible for evaluating, assessing, and analyzing information regarding the Bureau’s programs and the County Health Department (CHDs) preparedness and response systems. In addition, this position also assists on coordinating and managing CHD preparedness and support projects working with CHDs planners, regional preparedness staff and Bureau of Preparedness and Response units. Work may be required beyond normal business hours/days. The duties and responsibilities for this position are:

Once the boundaries to a crime scene has been set it is the duty of the first responder to begin a search to locate anything that may be harmful to any other person entering the scene or the crime scene itself. Locating all the risk factors can include many multiple aspects not just the obvious e.g. if the weather is bad the investigator must find a way to protect the scene from losing valuable information. If necessary outside personnel may be needed to control the scene for special circumstances including fires, or biohazardous material. Personal protective equipment is used to keep responders safe from an array of items that could cause bodily harm especially with the instances of blood, “Bloodborne pathogens don’t always die when a person

Being exposed to anthrax doesn't always mean you will be infected and if you can catch any kind early you'll have a better chance to survive. Doctors have many options for treatment. They can use antibiotics and antitoxins but people with the worse cases of anthrax have to be treated in the hospital. The aggressive hospital treatment may include draining fluid off the lungs and mechanical breathing machines. Every type of anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. Doctors also must include antitoxins with the common antibiotic treatments but there are not a lot of antitoxins available to use. Spores can be inactive in the body for up to 60 days which is why people exposed to the anthrax must be treated for 60 days after contamination. This helps so that when the anthrax spores become active they are protected against it. There is also a vaccine to prevent anthrax but it is very risky because there can be severe allergic reactions possible and it is not available to the general public. People who can get the vaccine are lab workers, vets, and US military personnel. It protects 90 percent of people that get the vaccine. The vaccine for animals reduces the risk for humans getting anthrax. (“Anthrax” Centers for disease control and

The earliest appearance of Anthrax occurred around 700 BC mostly affecting cattle, sheep, horses, and oxen. The people of Egypt and Mesopotamia at the time called it the 5th plague and the name Anthrax derives from the word coal, similar to the black skin leisures it produces. The first clinical cases of Anthrax were described around 1752 and 1769 by Maret and Fournier respectively (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Scientist Robert Koch was the first to study Bacillus anthracis in a clinical setting, in 1877 he developed the first microbial etiology. It was in the 1800’s that Anthrax was titled the “woolsorters disease” due to its relation with animal hair or wool from sheep (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Bacillus anthracis is an aerobic, spore-forming, nonmotile, monomorphic bacteria with little to no genetic diversity. Anthrax spores are able to lay dormant for long periods of time allowing it to survive more than 40 years in the soil, 80 years in a vial, and 200 years in bones (Friedlander, 336). Bacillus anthracis is therefore known as a risk-group 3 organism (Agren et al., 2014). This is part of what makes Anthrax such a risk, but more commonly Anthrax contamination in the soil only lasts for a few months and rarely for more than a few years when microbial competition exists in that soil (Friedlander, 336).

The symptoms for animals and people are very similar in nature. If the anthrax pathogen is contracted through cutaneous, symptoms include small group of blisters that itch. Swelling might often occur, as well as a painless skin sore and/or ulcer that has a black center. The majority of the time, the blisters will be located on the face, neck, arms, and hands. If the anthrax pathogen is contracted by inhalation, symptoms include fever with chills and shortness of breath. Often headaches, nausea, extreme weakness and lethargy, as well as drenching sweats are commonly associated with inhalation of the disease. If the anthrax pathogen is contracted by gastrointestinal transmission, symptoms include fever with chills and headaches. The neck tends to swell and cause tremendous pain, followed by hoarseness of the voice. Frequent blood located in stool and respiratory secretions is more prevalent. When clinical signs arise, laboratories can either measure antibodies in the infected person’s blood or directly test for Bacillus anthrax from skin lesions, blood, spinal fluid, or respiratory

Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium. The most common victims of anthrax are warm-blooded animals, but it can also infect humans. Anthrax spores can be produced in a powdery form for biological warfare. When inhaled by humans, these particles cause respiratory failure and death within a week. Because anthrax is considered to be a potential agent for use in biological warfare, the Department of Defense (DOD), in 1998, announced it would begin a systematic vaccination of all U.S. military personnel. (DOD, 1998) Anthrax infection occurs in three forms: cutaneous (skin), inhalation, and gastrointestinal. B. anthracis spores can survive in the soil for many years and handling animal

Biosurveillance is defined as “a process of gathering, integrating, interpreting, and communicating essential information that might relate to disease activity and threats to human, animal, or plant health” (National Association of County & City Health Officials). Its activities range from standard epidemiological practices to advanced technological systems, utilizing complex algorithms. Its goal is to develop effective surveillance, prevention and operational capabilities for detecting and countering biological threats. Along with Biosurveillance, NIH has a basic research program for biodefense. BARDA has developed medications that may be critical in future responses to bioterrorism attacks. CDC has funded public health agencies to prepare for bioterrorism, and oversees laboratory research centered around this topic, manages a national stockpile of medications in case of an emergency, and has an Emergency Operations Center that is a model for other health agencies around the world. DHS has created a risk assessment and threat characterization process to help guide planning. FDA has created an office that deals explicitly with the regulation and approval of products to be used only in the event of bioterrorism, pandemics, or other urgencies or emergencies. The DOD and DOS have important programs dedicated to addressing the issue overseas through science and technology as well as cooperative threat reduction. (Tom Inglesby, Assessing the

East of Moscow in 1979 the first reports emerged about the epidemic in the Soviet city of Sverdlovsk. Many speculate it to be intestinal, an accident caused by the consumption of contaminated meat. Others believe it to be some invisible killer germ that may have been caused by some sort of industrial spillage. The United States administration attributed it to inhalation of spores that may or may not have been accidental. “Some pathologists came to believe that something else was happening so they carried out dozens of autopsies and found the anthrax bacteria in the lungs and lymph nodes of those who had died, indicating it was airborne” (Hoffman, 1998). If this is the case then it would be in violation of the Biological Weapons