Instrumentation For Electrophysiology Case Study Report

In order to maintain a healthy body temperature, the heat produced with in the body or absorbed from the environment must be balanced from the heat lost from the body. A normal body temperature is measured at 37 degrees.

Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health. Bioelectricity: Transmission of nerve impulses to muscle. Retrieved on 26 June 2011 from http://www.enotes.com/nursing-encyclopedia/bioelectricity

Extracellular recording electrodes were used to measure the compound action potentials (CAPs) in a cockroach leg nerve. CAPs are the summations of all present action potentials (APs) in the individual axons of the nerve. When an AP is conducted along an axon, sodium channels open and positively charged sodium ions enter the axon. Therefore the inside and the outside voltage changes. The voltage changes in the extracellular fluid were measured. A depolarisation of the axonal membrane causes a local negative charge in the extracellular fluid. The summation of all the voltage changes in the extracellular fluid at a specific position is measured by the recording electrodes.

Next, to determine if contraction via the EMC pathway requires extracellular or intracellular calcium, the second type of stimulus was used and the tissue was stimulated using calcium free K+-depolarising solution. The bathing solution in this experiment was calcium free solution to make sure all extracellular calcium was eliminated, as without calcium, the EMC pathway is expected to produce no response.

An electrical stimulus was applied to the heart; the following graph shows the refractory period of the frog’s heart when an extra-systole was induced. It can be seen that right after the recording was marked “Refractory 3,” an extra-systole was detected.

When I did my own EKG lab testing I used the following materials: BIOPAC electrode lead set (SS2L), BIOPAC disposable vinyl electrodes (EL503), Cot, BIOPAC electrodes, Computer Sytem, BIOPAC Student Lab software v3.0 or greater, and BIOPAC acquisition unit (MP30). When all these materials are available the computer was turned on and three of the electrodes were placed on the body of my teammate. Two electrodes were positioned on the medial surface of each leg just above the ankle, and the last electrode was on the right anterior forearm at her wrist. When these were attached the subject was asked to lie down on the cot and relax. We then attached her to the EKG machine with three colored cables. The white cable was placed on the electrode on the right forearm, the black cable was placed on right leg and the red cable was attached to the electrode on the left leg.

Both electrical and chemical forces combine to determine the resting membrane potential of the cell. Although the resting membrane potential of most cells is normally negative, the selective permeability of the membrane allows certain ions in and out, causing the neuronal membrane voltage to become depolarized (more positive), or hyperpolarized (more negative). Key ions involved in muscle membrane potential are sodium, potassium, and chloride, which move via passive or active diffusion through ion channels and transporter pumps (Baierlein et al. 2011). The Nernst equation predicts the membrane voltage based on the assumption that the membrane is only permeable to one type of ion. In this investigation, we are seeking to understand the basis for how different ions interact to produce the membrane potential of DEM, DEL1, and DEL2 crayfish muscle

Neurons (also known as neurons, nerve cells and nerve fibers) are electrically excitable and the most important cells in the nervous system that functions to process and transmit information. Neurons have a large number of extensions called dendrites. They often look likes branches or spikes extending out from the cell body. It is primarily the surfaces of the dendrites that receive chemical messages from other neurons.

Effects of reduction of [Cl-]o on slow waves recorded from smooth muscle cells by substituting with gluconate-. The effects of changing extracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]o) on the electrical properties of smooth muscle were investigated by replacing 11%, 70%, and 90% of [Cl-]o with the less permeant anion gluconate- as a substitute resulting in the following [Cl-]o: 13.3 mM, 39.9 mM and 119.8 mM , respectively. Application of gluconate Krebs solution containing 13.3 mM [Cl-]o resulted in a transient hyperpolarization of the membrane potential (mV) in the first 40 s period after the solution change (Fig 1A1,A2 and Fig 2A; ∆Em, 13.3 mM [Cl-]o: -3.32 ± 0.35 mV; N=9; P < 0.05 vs. baseline; paired t test). This effect was concentration

An assessment of the level of consciousness (LOC) should be carried out during the primary survey of all patients, using the ABCDE approach Cole (2009: 28). Any initial or subsequent reduction in the LOC of the patient may be caused by hypoxia; hypovolaemia; head injury; drug or medicine use; hypoglycaemia; hypothermia or alcohol ingestion (Cole, 2009:44).

The findings of this experiment reinforced the hypothesis that the resting membrane potential is most influenced by the ion potassium. We were able to deduce this through the collection of a multitude of intracellular and extracellular recordings, such as the one shown below in Figure 1. This shows how this experiment was able to record every single resting membrane potential in all three different muscle groups under all six solutions.

sophisticated electronics to let the nerve and muscle systems of the human body to be able

An electrocardiogram can be used to record activity during the cardiac process of pumping and returning blood to the body and heart because of the electric current that spreads through the tissue of the heart and to the surface of the body. By

The neurons in the brain tissue communicate with each other via electrical signals, generating measurable action potential activity. Electrophysiological techniques have been developed to measure this electrical activity. Electrophysiological techniques are some of the classic methods of brain research, partly because they are very sensitive and accurate. They provide quite a number of insights into the subject’s mind as well as allow for study of how the brain works. They can be used during brain surgery as well as when the patient is awake and conscious, as the brain itself does not sense pain during the measurements. Although electrophysiology has been around for close to half a century, it has attained appreciable advances only in the last two decades. These advances have revolutionized the study of brain structure and functions, allowing neurophysiologists to monitor the brain’s activities directly during experiments (Sutler et al., 1999). Even with its significant impact in neurology, however, its presence has been so commonplace that many people no longer realize its ubiquity. This essay explores three electrophysiological techniques namely patch clamp, sharp electrodes, and brain slice recording. It describes how each of these techniques works as well as how advances in the techniques have

A negative relationship between the RBC concentration and LIM voltage is observed, when more blood is added to the isotonic saline solution, blood concentration increased, therefore the protein concentration become greater in the solution. The greater concentration of protein in the solution the more light is scattered. The intensity of the scattered light increased, resulted in a lower voltage was detected by the LIM device. Thus resulted in a trend of decreasing voltage with an increasing blood concentration. Figure 1 indicates that the output of the LIM is linear. RBCs were added in an isotonic solution, which means there will be no net water movement between the saline solution and the RBCs. When the blood concentration increased the voltage is decreased, therefore, an inversely proportional relationship is observed between the two variables (y = -0.1069x + 0.0885). Hence, the concentration of blood in the unknown solution is 12.05 µLml-1.