Interpersonal Attraction And Leadership On Employee Performance

The attraction theory of similarity is described in the book as simply that “people tend to like other people who are similar to themselves” (Social Psychology, 98). There are five main reasons that similarity

Can you be friends with someone you like? The dynamic of cross-sex friendships is an interesting area of study and one of which has little data. Moreover, research on this narrow subject is rather limited and comes from fairly old studies. The idea that men and women cannot be ‘just friends,’ is due to the idea that there must be some aspect of physical and or romantic involved. As Reeder discussed traditional societal norms and expectations of male-female relationships have played a role in how we view cross-sex friendships today. The literature on cross-sex friendships has explored the role of attraction and the impact it has on the dynamics of cross-sex relationships.

People need companionship to help them in times of hardship. Women tend to confide more in their same sex friends rather than men who, most of the time, find competitiveness in their friendships rather than telling them things that may show signs of weakness. People who have friends of the opposite sex at this time in their life, usually share some sort of romantic bond. These types of friendships normally come from school or work, but decline after the person is married. All friendships often decline after marriage because the people involved in the relationship find the closest bonds between themselves and spend most of their time together. During marriage people find friendships with their siblings to be closer than most.

Social Psychology also focuses on social behaviour, people’s thoughts, feelings friendship and how we interact with other people. A prime example of this is in a study carried out by Brian Bigelow and John La Gaipa [1975] when they carried out a study on children’s friendship. Bigelow and La Gaipa wanted to explore what understanding children had on friendship and how it changed with the children’s age group and of the same sex. Bigelow and La Gaipa began their research by asking a group of children to write an essay in regards to their best friend who had to be of the same sex the children was asked to write what their expectations were from their friend. To enable this research to be conducted Bigelow and La Gaipa completed a list of Twenty

I found it interesting that the authors found that actual similarity did not predict romantic attraction, that in fact similarity was significantly or marginally related to romantic liking for 6 of the 26 results were in the expected direction. They also found that significant effect of socio-sexuality similarity on liking, and socio-sexuality shares some conceptual overlap with extraversion.

The research will be a program evaluation of leadership effectiveness at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. This approach will be used because the leadership program in the Army has been established for a lengthy period and needs to be evaluated on effectiveness since the implementation of the sequestration since March 2013. The research data will be collected through a survey approach from a sample of the population at Schofield Barracks. Collecting data from at the company level by surveying current soldiers and leaders on their experiences within a US Army unit at Schofield Barracks will provide the researcher with the most relevant data to determine the effectiveness of leadership.

When observing people in Walmart, I discovered that when watching pairs or trios of people the person who carries the most power did change throughout the groups. In pairs where they seemed to be a couple, the power shifted when observing different couples. In some couples, the man appeared to have more power of the woman, I was not surprised by this because of relationship and gender roles. In one relationship, the man was pushing the cart and did pay for their items, so in my opinion because he was spending his money, (or maybe they had a shared bank account and he just used his card) he had showed more power in his role. This shows referent power because the couple have a connection that they value and in their relationship, they respect and trust each other which allows an understanding of who and when one of them has certain power over the other. In another couple, the woman showed more power, she was pushing the cart and telling him what they needed or what each of them wanted. The man still paid for this cartful as well, but it seemed as if he was just being kind and he let her have control in this instance at least. I think in this example, the woman was showing referent power, they were in a relationship because they like

She then identifies the importance of friendships in general and how these bonds are formed. There is discussion of same-sex, heterosexual friendships and same-sex, same orientation friendships. These topics were the precursor of delving into the discussion of intersectional friendships and how Muraco conducted this study.

Females also favour their same sex friend more than opposite sex friends in kinder garden.(Lundy, Field et al. 1998) People also enjoy more about the interaction with same sex friends in preadolescence.(Strough and Covatto 2002) The situation changes as they grow older, OSFs are found more intimate than in younger age.(Sharabany, Gershoni et al. 1981) Adolescents over 16 are more probable to have a OSF who is very close to them.(Kuttler, La Greca et al. 1999) Older adolescents are also expected to enjoy more when interacting with OSF.(Strough and Covatto 2002) Another interesting research by Hartup and Stevens found that having SSFs in childhood will forecast the romantic relationship later during adolescence.(Hartup and Stevens 1997) Above all, SSF plays a important role in early life span of individuals, but OSF gradually become more frequent as the person grows older. There is an implication that OSF is taking the role of SSF in the childhood period. SSF is also a preparation for the relationship growth of OSF. Regarding that OSF is a potential beneficial component of mating process and therefore reproductive success. It seems that SSF relates to evolutional success of individual through the function of OSF

Often times women’s studies are overshadowed by topics pertaining to other matters. Because of this, Steve Duck of University of Iowa calls women’s studies “understudied relationships”. In his book, Under-Studied Relationships: Off the Beaten Track, Steve delves into the complicated world that is friendship between women. He reveals that even the best of friendships, more often than not, will dissolve due to geographical distance, especially during the transition from high school to college. However, Duck claims that this occurrence is more detrimental to male friendships than female friendships. According to Duck, “…men’s inability to maintain distal friends may be due to a lack of awareness about and skills to utilize effective strategies that maintain a [friendship]” (184). This argument implies that men simply do not put as much emotional value into friendships as women do. While distance may seem challenging for women to overcome, they put more effort into preserving their friendship. Duck further instills this concept by explaining that “women’s same-sex friendships tend to be based more on intimate and emotional discussions than men’s…” (186). Men, Duck argues, lack the depth in their friendships that women possess and for this reason have difficulty sustaining a friendship that is met with the strain of distance.

Leadership, according to the Army doctrine, represents individuals’ ability to influence people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation while operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organization (“Leadership” FM 6-22). However, the varying characteristics of individuals that the Army attracts may instill this doctrine in many different ways, leading to different representations of leadership. Some individuals choose to lead their subordinate in a stern matter, only displaying matured emotions and a “tough-loving” attitude to guide them in the right direction. Others

In addition to power established because of organizational hierarchy or role, power is also established based on the level of influence or status one holds in an organization (Anichich, Fast, Halevy, Galinsky, 2016). “Status is the outcome of an evaluation of attributes that produce differences in respect and prominence” (Ketner et al, 2003 p. 266) They co-exists but are not co-dependent on each other. It’s possible to have status without power and power without status (Ketner et al, 2003). Whether one’s control comes through status or positional power, lauding control or significant influence over another inevitably leads to conflict.

Galinsky, Rus, and Lammers (2011) asserts that power is a social variable where is one party have control over tangible or intangible resources within a social context. Whereas, power can become the psychological property of an individual and its effects can be transferred beyond the social context where it is originally experienced. The Power-Approach Theory is the most articulate theory where it believes that power triggers certain behavior such rewards, achievements and food. On the other hand, powerlessness can lead to anxiety and avoidance. The authors suggest that power can fundamentally change how people perceive and relate to each other.

For years the formation of friendship has been evaluated through the eyes of psychology on how friendships actual form. There

First, when people have their own perspective of relationship on how they should be maintained compared to how society or different cultures depict relationships. Because the five factors of personal attraction affect friendships and relationships because have a major impact on how we all deal with each other on different levels. When dating and in imamate relationships and friendships there has to be different attractions that keep us connected or disconnected from one another. First you are attracted to them by Proximity which means when you feeling close to someone, there is also familiarity, when you are attracted to someone that you see often then you also have to have a similar attraction to someone which is called, similarity is somethings that you have with people like others who are like them. Also there is Physical appearance, when you like someone looks, reciprocity, you are also more attracted to people that are like them. “There are five important factors that initiate and predict interpersonal attractions: proximity, familiarity, similarity, physical appearance and reciprocity in liking” (Clarke, 1952). When searching for a friendship and romantic relationship these are the five factors that would necessary when searching for a healthy friendship or relationship. When dealing with society and different cultures sometimes our opinion about the right friendship and relationships.