Abstract Biofuel has become the focus of society in recent years, because the discharge of CO2 has been increasing year after year, energy crisis and environment pollution problem stunted economic growth. To solve these problems, biofuel is a good option since its low pollution and renewability.
In 2010 the production of biofuels which provide 2.7% of fuels for transportation in the world reached 105 billion liters (Worldwatch Institute, 2011). The United States and Brazil were the largest producers of ethanol production with up to 90% of the global total output in 2010, and the top producer of biodiesel in 2010 was the EU with about 53% of the global biodiesel production (REN21, 2011). Butanol, as an important part of biofuels, has…show more content… Ethanol has been the most widely used biofuel currently. However, when it is used in ignition cars, butanol contains more energy and has lower hygroscopic property and vapour pressure than ethanol when the volumes are same, by the way, soot emissions can be reduced for diesel fuel when butanol is added in. (Schwarz, 2007) In addition, butanol plays an important role in several fields, such as cosmetics, papermaking, medicine and lubricant. (Bettina Schiel-Bengelsdorf, 2013)
1.2 Escherichia coli The traditional way to produce butanol is using Clostridium acetobutylicum, an anaerobic bacterium with by-products such as butyrate, acetone, and ethanol during the process (Jones, 1986). So, it’s difficult to control the production of butanol and reach a reasonable yield. Compared with other bacterium, the rate of growth is relatively slow, this characteristic would cause problems for industrial fermentation. To improve the butanol yield and the production process, E. coli can be a good option. Escherichia coli is gram-negative and facultative anaerobic bacterium, the ideal conditions for the growth of the microorganism are 37°C and pH of 4.5-9.0 (KOTROLA, 1995). E. coli is very necessary in modern
Despite the friction among developed and developing countries to reach an agreement for the UNFCCC, Brazil has committed to reduce GHG emissions voluntarily. The unique capacity of Brazil to curb GHG emissions on large scale is based on hydropower, biofuels experience and solid deforestation policies in the Amazon Rainforest . These are facts that have positioned Brazil as a green economy model which commits to reduce 36.1 per cent of its green house gas GHG emissions by 2020. The largest contribution
What is Biofuel?
Biofuel is a fuel that is made up of dead biological matter. This is how a biofuel is distinguished from a fossil fuel." In order to be considered as a biofuel, the fuel must contain over 80% renewable materials"(1). The organic matter (biomass) that makes up biofuel can be gotten from corn, soybeans or various other photosynthetic plants. The specific type of biofuel produced from grains is Ethanol, the other one who produced from mostly oil and fat is Biodiesel. Biomass is organic
proven that petroleum fuelled vehicles have contributed to a high level of pollution in many countries across the globe. Beijing, China for instance may not be the most polluted city in the world, but with a large population and a large number of vehicles being powered by petroleum, thick, grey smog filling the city and millions of residents commuting behind surgical masks for health protection can easily be noticed.
Biofuels such as Ethanol, Biodiesel, Biogas, Biokerosene, Butanol, Other bio-alcohols
Therefore, I recommend to expand the store concept to compete with the big-box stores since organic food industry is rapidly developing and even stores like big-Mart are offering organics at a low-cost to compete with big players like Smart-Mart. There is an enormous prospect for Smart-Mart to compete in this area since 50% of development in the consumption of organics is pushed by the presenting of organics at low-cost
2016
Introduction
Aviation is the major transportation industry in the world. It is the most efficient way to connect from place to place, and sometimes, the only way. It is a growing industry, unfortunately it results in a tremendous amount of pollution. The global community. Led by ICAO, the FAA and the US government, is united to reduce emission from aviation while trying to achieve a better, safer, efficient, sustainable industry. This is a hard goal to achieve when the industry is just growing
diesel in power equipment such as forklifts and excavators, and it is used in the agriculture industry powering the tractors and other farming equipment, along with other industries. How good is diesel fuel for you or the environment? Are there concerns in using diesel? Diesel fuel was thought to be around since the mid 1800s but it wasn’t until the late 1800s when the diesel engine was invented. This invention was a very important one in terms of industry because it started the shift from coal to
Benefits – of wind energy
I. It is sustainable. A form of solar energy, (the heating of the atmosphere by the sun contributes to the creation of wind), wind energy can always be produced as long as there are winds and sunshine.
II. It does not create pollution and is sometimes referred to as a source of clean energy.
the use of coal is one of the power houses in society and it contributes towards the development of the world and also contributes to the abuse aspect. Some issues and problems that are attached to burning a dirty resource does not only include pollution of our air and attributes to global warm-ing, but also it has a great impact on the negative health effects on human beings. There are only a couple of positive things you can say about coal, and those two things are that it is very effi-cient and
Will there be sufficient water to meet global demands for food in 2050? Critically discuss the challenges and suggest potential solutions.
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Water and food security are closely linked together. It is an important resource for the maintenance of food production and agriculture. And with the effects of climate change becoming more apparent the natural recharge of aquifers are being affected thus straining the availability of water supply which turn affects food production process and energy
In other words, shareholder’s interest in terms of profit driven within the company takes the majority weight of the total stakeholders’ value. All strategic measures taken by the firms’ approach to fulfill a single request from its customers as “low air fare”, but to realize all means of cost saving and additional margin for the company owner.
According to Casadesus- Mansanell and Recart (2007, Competing through Business Model), “a business model consist of the set of ‘choices’ and the set of