For centuries, Japan went through different political transformations and iron fisted rulers which shaped its present standing, starting from a nation of regionally independent governments to a more unitary system. However, since the birth of their first political models, Japan has strongly maintained their hierarchical system which still dominates their bureaucratic organization today. In this essay, I would like to briefly revisit the inception of the early political systems in Japan, from some of their early leaders to the most prominent Tokugawa family rulers and how they all gave way to the unification of the political and social systems that remain in place in modern day Japan. Before the Tokugawa family rose to the power in Japan, in the mid-1400s the nation experienced decades of war and civil unrest. From 1467 to 1477, the ancient capital of Kyoto was torn down by the Onin War. But though the history for this era was dominated by war, the nation’s commerce managed to grow and several cities became autonomous international trading posts. Simultaneously ikko sects, Buddhism powerful communities, achieved autonomy from daimyo control. However, between the 1570s and 1600s three ruthless but remarkable leaders conceived and instated a political order aimed to unify the nation through well executed strategies.
Oda Nobunaga was the first ruler to reach power. In 1555 he began his rise to power, bringing with him a campaign of terror. Nobunaga began by destroying
The United States’ and Japan’s political systems have some similarities and differences. The United States has a federal government, which in our textbook is defined as “a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments.” Japan has a unitary government which is defined as, “a centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government.” Some of the similarities in the political systems are that both governments are broken into three branches (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial). Also, they both elect their political leaders, and value the opinion of their citizens and institutions to determine leaders. The
During the post classical period, 650 C.E to 1450 C.E, Japanese leaders were confronted with several issues that threatened political order in Japan. The problems that arose during that time included a lack of respect for Buddhism, for example, monks were not taking their vows seriously. Another problem included the division between classes in the social structure, one instance was when the lady-in-waiting in the temple showed disdain for the peasants in a lower class than her. Ultimately, one last problem was the lack of overall respect for the government. Samurais were not being properly trained and the Daimyo were fighting among themselves simply for power. The issues that presented themselves during this time period can be solved in many ways. Buddhism, a unified religion, reestablishing Confucian values and relationships, and properly training the Samurai are just
The Japanese empire was in great power by this time period, and they thought themselves as the king of the East Asian race. Japan, the “old order”, also believed that some day Europe and America would take over their power and become the “new orders”(Doc A). Japan was one
It is clear that Japan’s ‘three unifiers’ were beneficial to the development of Japan in three fundamental areas: social, economic and political. Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu are known for unifying Japan after the sengoku period (c. 1467 – c. 1603), a time of internal conflict. While each unifier had a different approach to developing Japan, the corroboration of each new policy resulted in an improved Japan which set foundations for lasting central rule.
The Meiji Restoration, a significant era in Japanese history, saw the abolishment of the feudal system of the Tokagawa period. With this, many social changes occurred which assisted in the modernisation of Japan and its culture. The Tokugawa period consisted of many social groups who were ordered in what was considered ‘powerful to powerless.’ When the Meiji era began, many changes occurred which affected Japan’s social structure and foreign relationships. Major changes occurred in the roles of the Emperor, Samurai and Peasants during the Meiji period and the modernisation also assisted in fundamental changes such as diet, clothing and education.
Warfare has largely been considered to be a significant influence of state development. This paper argues that warfare affected the development of the medieval Japanese state by creating and sustaining a hierarchy of powerful elites that would later form the basis of medieval Japanese statehood which was largely based on relationship to the top of the hierarchy, preservation of peace, loyalty and defence against external aggressors. It will start with a discussion of armed conflict and power, the importance of arms and wars of conflict for the ruling elite, resistance against centralized power and imperial intervention against war and conflict which led to the emergence of a state government. The paper will also capture the ways
Between the years 1867 and 1912 in Japan, the Emperor Meiji was in command of the Japanese empire. Meiji was a revolutionary emperor that succeeded on the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate (the last Japanese feudal military government). Meiji’s command dramatically transformed Japan from being a feudal country into one of the greatest powers of the modern world. He changed Japan by popularizing modernization, westernization and improving the education system of the country. Nationalism provided the new young innovative and contemporary conservative generation of japan motivation to grow in the areas concerned; and implemented ideals that encouraged the notions of the west (westernization), that being industrialism and a new educational system, bringing them into the modern day. This new outlook
This military would play a significant role in the expansion of the Japanese empire so that it would have the ability to obtain its own territories much like their European counterparts. Beside Japan lay China — weak and humiliated, an example of what could befall a great Asian nation unable to defend itself against Western imperialism. Determined that Japan should not share China's fate, and convinced that modernization depended on abolishing the feudal order, a group of middle-ranking samurai overthrew the military government of the Shôgun in 1868 and set Japan peaceably on a course of radical modernization.” “This period was a time of social and economic change within the constitutional monarchy established in 1890. The various branches of the government began competing for power with the Parliament, civil bureaucracy, military, and Imperial Household all vying for the ear of the Emperor in whose name they administered the
The element of the the existence of feudalism in Japan faces contradicting views from different historians. Some argue that this kind of system did not exist while others agree on the contrary. One of the factors that lead to contradiction is the inadequacy of historical materials related to medieval Japan (Hall, 36). A section of historians relies on materials on feudalism in medieval Europe. It is important to note that there is a different between the way feudalism took place in Europe and Japan. Note that these two regions differ in cultural and social values. In such case, there was a sharp difference between the two governing systems (Karl, 187). However, there are various elements of feudalism that were common in both regions. The existence
In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu, successfully created a unified Japanese state by bringing to an end the civil wars. The most ingenious man of those three ‘unifiers’ was Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Although primarily this examination will focus on Hideyoshi as a “conquering hero”, the efforts and influence that the other unifiers had on Hideyoshi’s life and society in the latter half of sixteenth century Japan will not go entirely unnoticed. I examine the important events and changes that occurred in medieval Japan at a time when Nobunaga and Hideyoshi successively were establishing the early modern Japanese state.
In Kamakura Japan, the local magnate enjoyed certain privileges since military hierarchies formed around its leadership. Clan ties and military allegiances also possessed numerous informal hierarchies. The existence of Shogun, a high military position also enjoyed certain legal powers such as grants of rights to land as well as an official title (Mass, 84). All these aspects describe feudalism which was in existence in Kamakura Japan in 1192. Establishment of Kamakura therefore provides relevant historical evidence concerning the origin of feudalism in Japan. The rise of Kamakura contributed to the dissolution of the imperial system which relied on the civil administration. It paved the way to absolute feudalism that saw the introduction of
Japan is an unique oriental country in many aspects, especially in politics and economy, both western practices and traditional nationalism are coexisted in this country. The period 1890-1940 was just followed the Meiji restoration, and was typical in the history of Japan, at that time, Japan was on the way from a feudal country to a capitalistic country, called modernization. Many western practices were being more and more adopted, however, at the same time, traditional rules still had strong influences in Japan. Under this background, this report will discuss the Japanese cultural factors during 1890-1940 that influenced the disclosure
Meiji Restoration was a significant historical event not only in Japanese history but also in world history. A study (Hunt, Lynn, Thomas, & Barbara, 2009) concluded that the word “Meiji” means “enlightened rule” and the goal was to combine “modern advances” with “eastern” values. This event restored practical imperial rule to Japan under Emperor Meiji in 1868 (“Meiji Restoration”, 2017). As a result, it led to the tremendous changes in political and social structure of Japan, and spanned both the Late Tokugawa period and the beginning of the Meiji period (“Meiji Restoration”, 2017). The main causes of Meiji Restoration can be analyzed from the following different aspects.
From 1467 to 1567 Japan experienced a state of decay as the political climate reached a peak of unrest and civil war. Japan’s Sengoku(Warring States) Period was a time of explosive tension and disorder as feudal lords raised their banners to symbolize a conflicting universal campaign, to become emperor. Oda Nobunaga, the son of the legendary samurai and minor lord Oda Nobuhide, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, son of a nameless peasant soldier, they lived almost completely parallel lives. However, almost by fate these two would eventually come to meet on equal grounds as powerful political figures that commanded unwavering respect by all who met them. Although they were titans of different nature, Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi built the frame of today’s modern Japan through sacrifice and perseverance during their hellish civil war.
The most important and major revolution in Japan’s history was the Meiji Revolution, a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. The Restoration led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure. The period spanned from 1868 to 1912 and was responsible for the