Nijatullah Arman
Emma Cummings
Microeconomics
22 November 2015
John Nash, 'a Beautiful Mind ' Mathematician
John F. Nash shared the 1994 Nobel Prize with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten in economics for their work on the theory of non-cooperative games, in other words John Nash received a Nobel Prize for his work in Game theory. Except for one course in economics that he took as an undergraduate, Nash had not any formal training in economics. John Nash had a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1950, but the Nobel Prize he received four decades later was for the contribution he made to game theory in his 1950 Ph.D. thesis. In his work, he introduced the distinction between cooperative and non-cooperative games. In non-cooperative games every player is self-enforced, and in cooperative games, players can make agreements with other players. Nash’s contribution is the concept of equilibrium for non-cooperative games, which later came to be called a Nash equilibrium. In Nash equilibrium no player can improve his position by choosing a different strategy. Nash explained that as long as mixed strategies are allowed, for a broad class of games, at least one equilibrium exist. Another Nash’s contribution is his reasoning about “the bargaining problem,” before Nash, economist thought the share of gains each of two parties to a bargain received was always indeterminate. But Nash got further by suggesting four conditions and showed mathematically that a unique solution
1. Bargaining is a mixed-motive game. Both parties want an agreement but have differing interests and preferences.
The ultimate game is a very interesting probe of our assumptions about the way people make economic transactions. The ultimatum game is a game in economic experiments. The first player (the proposer) receives a sum of money and proposes how to divide the sum between the proposer and the other player. The second player (the responder) chooses to either accept or reject this
No one thinks that they have an impact on the world. But everyone does; everyone is a number in some algorithm. Each one of us is turned into numbers and those stats become data and are used by scientists to either do good or in some cases, bad. The book “Weapons of Math Destruction”, Cathy O’Neil talks about the dangers of turning people into numbers and how people don 't even know that it is happening. A lot can go wrong when people are no longer people and they are turned into the just number. People could be placed in the wrong group because they went through a rough time for a short period, and that could ruin their lives, but computers only see numbers, not the person the number represents. Job interviews that should have happened, didn 't because the computer passed over them because of a certain number, not the actual person. A person could also be called in for a job because they may have seemed perfect, but they were the opposite of what they needed. And being in a certain area could then mean that a person is now associated with that group even though they never were. The scientist turns people into numbers so that they are easier to cataracts and target, even if those categories are unknown to the public and is causing harm.
“Instead of approaching the problem in a competitive as distributive bargaining (claiming value only for one), the integrative negotiation the parties adopt an attitude aimed at solving the problem and seek a favorable outcome for both” (Business Blog Review, 2011).
Mathematician Kelly Miller advanced the life of African Americans, earning alot of degrees. He was the first black man to attend Johns Hopkins University. Kelly Miller was born on July 18, 1863, in Winnsboro, South Carolina. A minister noticed his likin for mathematics, so he was sent to the Fairfield Institute to study, getting a scholarship to Howard University. He went to Johns Hopkins University for post-graduate work, the first black man to do it. He spent his teaching career at Howard University, and died at his home on the campus, in Washington, D.C., on December 29, 1939.
Benjamin Franklin was the exemplification of a polymath according to investors news. He was born January 17-1705 on Milk Street in Boston Massachusetts. Benjamin Franklin Is obviously an important person in the founding of the U.S., that being shown through his face being on the 100 dollar bill. He also joined Southern Grammar School in with he advanced to the top in his class in a year. Next year he went to George Brownell’s English School, a school for writing and math. Benjamin Franklin was one of the most important and moral Founding Fathers shown through his work with befriending the French and their helping in getting the U.S. its independence, his proving of the U.S.’s ingenuity through his many inventions, and helped his city with the
Cecile Mclorin Salvant was born in August 28, 1989 in Miami, Florida. She was raised by her father, who was Haitian, and her mother, who was French. Her mother is now president of the French immersion school in Miami, Florida. Cecile began practicing music at the age of five by taking classes on how to play classical piano which later in life as a musician helped her ear musically and exposed deeper levels of classical music. Both her parents were very supportive in her interest for music. She didn’t starting singing until the age of eight and she eventually became interested in classical singing. By the age of thirteen, Savant had a classical voice teacher named Ana Maria Conte Silva. Savant’s father could also sing but did not pursue a career a singer. When she took a few classes at the University of Miami,
Economic analysts propose that in conflicts or disputes, concession rather than exclusion, is the best rule. According to a basic principle of economics, when costs are low, parties or players will willingly transact if an equally advantageous transaction is possible. This is evident, as a vast majority of legal disputes have been settled in such a way.
John Nash was a young man who went to Princeton and excelled in his studies. He was very bright and was a stellar student, however, he wasn’t the most social. John found it very difficult to interact with other people and often tried avoiding interactions with others. The only person he was able to talk to was his roommate Charles. And it turns out, spoiler warning, that he was never real to begin with. Putting that little fact aside, he eventually gets invited to the pentagon to decipher encrypted enemy telecommunication. After doing wonderfully on that, he gets a new job from a secretive superior who goes by the name William Parcher. William wants him to help stop the Soviets. John accepts, but soon becomes overly obsessed with it and starts seeing patterns that aren’t really there to begin with.
A mathematical mindset is one in which empowers individuals to value the importance of mistakes and struggle. As discussed in the first three chapters of Mathematical Mindsets, a mathematical mind thrives off of the growth mindset. A quote by Peter Sims really drives the point home for me. He states, “Imperfection is a part of any creative process and of life, yet for some reason we live in a culture that has a paralyzing fear of failure, which prevents action and hardens a rigid perfectionism. It’s the single most disempowering state of mind you can have if you’d like to be more creative, inventive or entrepreneurial,” (p.13). Sims explains the apprehension that society has instilled in many people to avoid challenges, and ultimately avoid
In T.A. theory games always have a payoff, and are played to re-enforce the player’s life script. In the ‘yes but’ game the payoff for the instigator is the re-assurance he is right in his belief about others that no-one can help him and re-enforces his intrinsic belief about himself, that he is helpless.
Nash equilibrium is a solution theory of a non-cooperative game which involves two or more
Mathematics, study of relationships among quantities, magnitudes, and properties and of logical operations by which unknown quantities, magnitudes, and properties may be deduced. In the past, mathematics was regarded as the science of quantity, whether of magnitudes, as in geometry, or of numbers, as in arithmetic, or of the generalization of these two fields, as in algebra. Toward the middle of the 19th century, however, mathematics came to be regarded increasingly as the science of relations, or as the science that draws necessary conclusions. This latter view encompasses mathematical or symbolic logic, the science of using symbols to provide an exact theory of logical deduction and inference based on
This is an argument between the conceptuality and the practicality of Nash equilibrium in Economics. To understand it we need to first look into what economics is about, which is the study of social and human interaction and rational decision making quantitatively. Nash equilibrium can act as a tool to provide an insight into such interaction. In the first part of this essay, I am going to evaluate why the statement ‘economics without the concept of Nash equilibrium is conceptually flawed’ is true, by looking into the importance of rationality in economics and the mechanism of the Nash equilibrium. In the second part, I am going to assess why the argument for ‘Economics with the concept of Nash equilibrium is practically useless’ is true
In “The Maestro, the Magistrate & the Mathematician” by Tendai Huchu, the author addresses the notion of immigrants facing obstacles in their attempt to make an identity in a new country. In particular, this essay will explore the Magistrate and how by moving from Zimbabwe to the United Kingdom (U.K.) creates an immense difficulty for him in retaining his strong relationships with his loved ones. To accomplish the task at hand, I shall; examine the change that occurs to the Magistrate and Mai Chenai’s gender roles that causes their relationship to fall apart. In addition, I will discuss the conflicts in Magistrate and Chenai’s relationship, depict how adjusting to the new culture is vital to their relationships, and demonstrate how the