Julian Bond Biography

He could not go to regular high school, he was not allowed to earn his doctorate at Harvard, was not allowed to become a full professor at DePauw University, and was rejected by many employers, all because of his race. Instead of giving up, however, he took high school courses along with his college courses, earned his doctorate at the University of Vienna instead of Harvard, and made outstanding discoveries that led to a job offer from Glidden Company. These challenges throughout his life are most likely the primary motivation that led Julian to become one of the prominent Civil Rights activists. Julian’s involvement in the Civil Rights movement included becoming the first layperson to direct the Council for Social Action of the Congregational Christian Churches and serving as co-chairman of the National Business and Professional Committee of the NAACP’s (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Legal Defense and Education

The Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), was a civil rights organization that had worked towards social change in Mississippi. Bob Moses of the SNCC, and other civil rights organizations worked in conjunction with COFO to establish voter registration for African Americans, and to provide programs for education, nicknamed “Freedom Schools”. An effective method they used to bring about change which angered the white citizens of Mississippi would be to use white activists to help organize the schools. What truly motivated the black citizens of Mississippi to register to vote would be yet another violent tragedy towards activists. James Chaney, an African American activist who worked with the Freedom Rides and CORE along with white activists Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner were murdered while traveling around Mississippi to encourage voting.

He, and many of SNCC believed paying bail to get out of jail when you are involved in a nonviolent protest was just justifying the unjust system. Marshall seemed rather content with just protesting, but Lawson wanted to push things further because as Lewis points out, “Young people, as we knew very well, are willing to risk everything for the cause.” (Lewis and Aydin 2: 131). Lewis knew the newer generation was extremely passionate about the movement and would do anything to help it succeed. Since the newer and older generation had different ideas about resisting segregation, we can see why they didn’t approve of each other’s ideas. These disagreements weren’t the only ones that caused divisions the movement, .

He was born in Washington D.C but later on he moved to New York City.

He had been arrested numerous times, beaten, and still remained a vital role in the civil rights movement. He would later be known as a member of the “Big Six”, (Vol 2, 150) consisting of Martin Luther King, A. Philip Randolph, Roy Wilkins, Jim Farmer, Whitney Young and himself. The injustices at the time lead to a much needed March on the nation's capital: Washington. Though Lewis’ speech seems to to be less well known as Martin Luther King’s, it was a great accomplishment for the civil rights movement. One of my favorite Lewis speech lines was “We will splinter the segregated south into a thousand pieces, and put them together in the image of god and democracy”. (Vol 2,

Joseph Hayne Rainey was born in Georgetown, South Carolina, on June 31, 1832. His parents were both slaves, but his father, Edward, had a successful business as a barber, enabling him to purchase his family's freedom shortly after Joseph Rainey's birth. Rainey was the first African

“Letter from a Birmingham Jail” discusses the life of Martin Luther King Jr. He became a leader in the civil rights movement to end racial segregation and discrimination in America during 1950s and 1960s. According to the letter, “I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, … So, I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here. But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here.” Also, he became a leading spokesperson for nonviolent methods of achieving social change. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” after he was arrested for peacefully protesting segregation and racial terror in Birmingham.

Jackson was born in 1767 in Waxhaw, South Carolina, to Scotch-Irish immigrants. He fought as a boy in the Revolutionary War, studied law, and in 1788 moved west to Nashville. In 1791, he began living with Rachel

Growing up in San Carlos, California, Bonds was surrounded by baseball from a very early age. Three of his relatives played Major League Baseball, including his father Bobby Bonds, Reggie Jackson, and Willie Mays. He excelled at the sport very early on and set numerous records at his high school. Bonds was offered a contract to play baseball straight out of high school, but decided to further his education and baseball career at Arizona State University.

On Easter weekend in 1960, as a college student, Bond wound up as a pioneering member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). The committee which grasped on all the

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) mobilized students to protest about the disenfranchisement and segregation plaguing their city, they organized marches, sit-ins and boycotts, however these protests did not get much support from other civil rights leaders as they saw SNCC as troublemakers. It wasn’t until December 1961 that Martin Luther King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) became involved. The authorities in Albany decided that there were to be no ‘Martyrs’ to the cause, the police reacted calmly and without violence, protesters were arrested and released, there was no media attention, no national outcry with is ultimately why the Albany movement failed, the protesters failed to get the nation on their side. Another problem was the different civil rights organization such as SNCC and the SCLC failed to co-operate. This was a significant cause to the Birmingham movement because if Albany had not happened the way it did, then Martin Luther King Jr may have never gone to

In 1957 john Lewis left Alabama to be in the American baptist theological seminary in Nashville Tennessee he learned about nonviolent protest and helped to organize sit- ins at segregated lunch counters he was arrested while the demonstrations were going when that happened it made his mother upset but Lewis still continued the civil rights movement and went to be in the freedom rides in 1961.

At a time where African Americans felt oppressed by whites, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. stood up for what he felt was right and spoke the truth about controversial issues such as inequality and injustice. During the 1960s when he wrote his “Letter from Birmingham Jail”, segregation was a major controversy. There was a divide between African Americans and white Americans with racism and prejudice being very prevalent throughout this era. Public places, like restaurants and bathrooms, were being split up into sections based on race. As a nonviolent protester, King frequented in silent marches through southern cities, especially Birmingham, Alabama. The goal was to act in a nonviolent way towards whites and stay persistent. From this,

He was an avid advocate for the rights of African Americans.He was very dedicated to making sure that African American had a right to vote, could use public facilities, and could attend public schools. During a speech in 1961, he committed to civil rights for all citizens of the United States. "We will not stand by or be aloof. We will move. I happen to believe that the 1954 [Supreme Court school desegregation] decision was right. But my belief does not matter. It is the law. Some of you may believe the decision was wrong. That does not matter. It is the law." In 1962 he sent US Marshals to make sure that African American students could go to the University of Mississippi (Alden Whitman, 2001).

Actor Lee Marvin was born on February 19, 1924, in New York City. He eventually earned lead roles when his aggressive nature was perceived by such directors as Edward Dmytryk, Fritz Lang, and John Boorman. Marvin appeared in about 70 films between 1951 and 1986. He first branched out into sympathetic film roles in the early 1960s, partly thanks to his role in TV's M Squad. He died on August 29, 1987, in Tucson,