Learning Disabilities and Dysgraphia

Discussions of dyslexia require a definition of the term, and this is where we can come into some confusion if we are not careful. In fact, the “problem” itself exists in the defining of the word, and thus the labeling of those to whom the definition applies. However, with some knowledge of the etiology of “dyslexia” we can begin to ply our beliefs off the population of “dyslexics” and start to gain some understanding of their experiences with language learning. This is, after all, the intention of this research. Guardiola (2001) also assisted in redirecting the academic focus in this direction, towards the etiology of the term and how its history has shaped current social work, education, neurobiology, and psychology perspectives.

There are many different types of learning disabilities; the most common ones are dyslexia and attention deficit disorder. (Jerome Rosner. –third ed. 1)

According to Hull Learning Services (2013), dyslexia continues to be a subject of great debate. The word dyslexia is originated from the Greek dys- meaning ‘difficult’ and -lexia meaning to do with language. There are multiple definitions of dyslexia, because the matter in which in manifest in children and adults vary greatly. Definitions of dyslexia often focus on difficulties with the processes of writing, reading, spelling and general organization of everyday tasks. Dyslexia has been defined as the inability to acquire literacy despite normal intelligence. Other definitions have described dyslexia in terms of a list of symptoms. The symptoms often included are laterality problems; reversals in numbers, letters and/or words; reading

Dyslexia is a neurological condition that affects ≈15% of the world's population (Ramus et. al, 2013). It is defined as a difficulty in learning to read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols (Pauc, 2015). This disability is associated with struggles in reading-related tasks such as word identification and spelling in spite of normal intelligence, adequate education and motivation to read proficiently (Ma et.al, 2014). People with dyslexia possess difficulties in taking notes, writing essays, finishing letters or reports, and showing their level of understanding in exams. The right hemisphere is impaired in a dyslexic's brain, which is responsible for speech and reading, and because of this, they have to rely on the left

Dyslexia is the term used to describe a cognitive disability in learning that affects reading, writing and communication despite an average level of intelligence and an equal access to education. (Le Jan et al., 2010). Dyslexia is commonly used as a blanket term that covers many smaller forms of cognitive impairment including surface dyslexia, phonological dyslexia, hyperlexia, letter identification dyslexia and letter position dyslexia. Most dyslexics suffer from multiple forms of these specific dyslexias and cases of pure developmental dyslexia are quite rare. (Castles, Bates, & Coltheart, 2006).

Since dyslexia is a neurological condition along with difficulties with different aspects of reading dyslexia can have cognitive aspects as well, such as speech perception, recognizing and manipulating the basic sounds in a language, language memory, and learning the sounds of the letters (citation). All in all, up to 10% of the population is predicted to have some form of dyslexia therefore it is imperative that educators are able to identify these students and know strategies that can help them early on in their formal

Dyslexia refers to a specific difficulty in learning to read and write. However this is not the only difficulty that children with dyslexia experience and there are variations of their symptoms. These problems appear to stem from fundamental difficulties in the rapid processing and sequencing of phonological information in short term memory. These children also have difficulties with associations with letters and their sounds. Learning their left from right also is difficult. In the

Dyslexia wasn’t always known as dyslexia. The word “Dyslexia” in today’s world describes the learning disorder that more than 17% of the human populations are diagnosed with, but it wasn’t always referred to this way. Adolph Kussmaul, a German neurologist noticed that most of his patients could not read regularly and used many words in the wrong order. He then used the term “word blindness” to describe what his patients

For a long time, dyslexia has been causing many humans, especially children, to have learning difficulties. The World Federation of Neurologists define dyslexia as, "a disorder in children who, despite conventional classroom experience, fail to attain the language skills of reading, writing, and spelling commensurate with their intellectual abilities" ("Dyslexia," 2013). Sometimes the letter m might look like w, and the number 3 might look like 8; dyslexia basically makes it harder for people to improve their language abilities. This is the behavior I wish to change because of the many negative impacts it has on people's literacy skills and lives. Many dyslexic children have considerable disadvantages while reading out loud or taking

The National Centre for Learning Disabilities says that dyslexia is a neurological and often genetic condition, and not the result of poor teaching, instruction or upbringing. Dyslexia is a specific reading disability due to a defect in the brain's processing of graphic symbols according to the MNT Knowledge Centre. It is a learning disability that alters the way the brain processes written material. It is typically characterized by difficulties in word recognition, spelling and decoding. People with dyslexia have problems with reading comprehension.

larger of the two. This is a relatively easy task, but the speed at which students

Dyslexia is a lifelong condition that implicates a person's reading ability, caused by a defect in the brain where it has difficulty in processing graphic symbols. Also referred to as a “reading disorder” or a “reading disability”, Dyslexia can also affect a person's writing, spelling and even speaking ability.

According to Chall (1983) the primary deficit associated with dyslexia is phonological awareness and there are three symptoms; Inaccurate and inefficient single word recognition, Difficulty sounding out (decoding) unfamiliar words, and Inaccurate spelling that is the result of it. As a result of phonological deficit, students with dyslexia exhibit slow and inaccurate text reading, poor reading comprehension, varied difficulties with the symbol code for reading and

The characteristics of a dyslexic person can be very different from one person to the other, just as the characteristics of students without disabilities are different. These students show a different combination of learning problems. “Such characteristics are learning style, motor dexterity, time/math, memory/cognition, language/reading skills, behavior and vision. Sometimes the dyslexic youngster has early or late developmental stages, such as crawling, walking or talking” (Grolier’s).

Of the three previously mentioned diseases, Dyslexia impairs a person’s ability to read, write, and spell (NINDS 2003). Although they are of normal intelligence, their reading level is below average. They will usually have “trouble with phonological processing (the manipulation of sounds) and/or rapid visual-verbal responding.” (NINDS 2003). Children with dyslexia complain they cannot read their textbooks, do not have enough time to finish tests, cannot take notes, and are unable to read their own handwriting (GVSU 2000). Dyslexia does not affect every person the same way, and signs of the disorder may not be prevalent until later, when grammar and more in-depth writing skills are introduced. Dyslexia can also create a difficulty in processing vocabulary and thoughts correctly when speaking, and understanding what one says when they are spoken to. Dysgraphia is another neurological disorder that focuses on writing. When a child with this disorder is first introduced to writing, they will make unnecessary spaces between their letters, and some letters will be