RESTITUION OF CONJUGAL RIGHTS
1.INTRODUCTION
The institution of marriage provides for a set of rights and obligations of one party towards the other party. Co-habiting is a symbol of this shared living and separation a negation of this essential quality of marriage.[ 1st Report of the Law Commission, Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, para 6.5. ] The right to consortium is an essential marital right. In protection of this right, all personal laws provide for a remedy to implement the cohabitation and establish the right. In furtherance of this Section 9, Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, provides for the remedy of restitution of conjugal rights i.e. restoration of parties’ martial privileges like that of comfort and consortium of one another[ Ela Dasu v. Ela Lachamma, (1990) 2 HLR 249 (Ori).]. Herein the parties are legally enforced to live together and fulfill the marital obligations by obtaining a court decree by the aggrieved party against the deserting party.
2.EMERGENCE OF THE CONCEPT
The concept legal intervention for implementation of conjugal privileges was originally found in Jewish laws from where it travelled to England. Old Hindu personal laws had no concept of restitution of conjugal rights i.e. This was not admitted by the Dharmashastras and the Vedas. India borrowed from the common law of Britain after the colonial rule in India. The procedure of Restitution of Conjugal Rights was introduced in our country by the British rulers in India by the landmark decision in
Under Hamilton statutory law, where common law marriage is defined as an agreement to be married, living together after agreement to be married, and they presenting to others as that they are married, does a common law marriage exist when the couple has discussed being married, live together after the discussion, and don’t correct others when they are referred to as a couple?
The other traditional justifications for the marital exemption were the common law doctrines that a woman was the property of her husband and that the legal existence of the woman was ‘incorporated and consolidated into that of a husband.’
The Marriage Law of 1950 was the first law passed by the CCP and finally gave women legal rights in regards to marriage, divorce, and property. Women could finally leave unwanted marriages and the law protect them and their children. It laid out guidelines of who could marry, at what age, and protected the rights of children and women. It provided guidelines on how husband and wives should treat each other and raise their children. It allowed women to inherit property. It set up how children and former spouses should be treated after divorce. Most importantly, it gave women rights they did not have before.
Two New York residents, both women, married lawfully in Canada. When one of the spouses, Thea Spyer, died, she left her estate to the other spouse, Edith Windsor. Windsor was not able to claim the estate tax exemption for surviving spouses because of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), a federal law that excluded same-sex partners from the definition of “spouse” in its statutory use. Both the district court and the court of appeals found that portion of the statute unconstitutional.
My short answer is "no", but let me explain. Before answering what I think the situation should be, it is helpful to look at what the situation is. Currently family law is a matter left to a great extent to the states. States have the power to decide who may marry, the legal process required to do so, and what the legal consequences of that marriage are within the state. In all these matters states differ from each other. The state is limited in its actions, though, to the requirement of its own constitution as well as the constitution of the United States. What those constitutions require is often a matter of great debate, but the ultimate judge is the state's highest court for matters pertaining to its own constitution, and
In early times, same-sex marriage was not considered taboo and in many cultures, it was encouraged. Random History (2011) explains that in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, the kingdom recognized the union between couples of the same-sex. During Greek’s early years, attraction between a man and another man was normal and was considered an expression of love. “The main considerations in same-sex relationships in early history were often love, beauty, and excellence of character rather than gender” (Random History, 2011, p.1). Same-sex marriages were often believed to be more pure than a heterosexual marriage. Marriage was believed to be the union of two people based on love. A marriage consisting of two males or two females, if women had the right to get married, was not frowned upon.
The LGBT communities have been and continue to struggle with equal rights with their straight counterparts. Many people will argue the notion that they support the LGBT community and feel they should have equal rights as heterosexual individuals; however how many of them will agree that LGBT communities should have the right to marry, adopt, etc. The minute the issue of marriage is brought up, many people will argue that marriage is a union between man and woman. Same sex marriage or marriage among the LGBT community is an issue dating back to the 1970’s. Some people will argue for same sex marriage/marriage among the LGBT community, stating marriage should be a union between two people no matter what their sexual preference is.
Tasha, thank you for your informative post. As mentioned in your post the impact of common law marriage is different between men then it is women, as I concur, this doctrine helped to protect women who sought separation from common law husbands, to safeguard financial stability for themselves and their children (Primrose, 2013). In addition, another group that had to use the informal arrangement of common law marriage were slaves, as they were not afforded legal rights to be married. Even after the Emancipation Proclamation many African American families continue to stay in common law marriage as it was financially prohibitive to obtain licenses from racially motivated gatekeepers within State government (Adler, 2010).
Girls all over the world are forced into marriages due to financial necessity, tradition and to ensure their future. Most of these girls married are at a young age: “One third of the world’s girls are married before the age of 18 and 1 in 9 are married before the age of 15”( “Child Marriage Facts and Figures”). The young ages of those being married reveal how crucial it is to resolve this problem. When child marriage occurs the parents of the bride usually chose the groom for their daughters; and these grooms can be three times older than the young brides. Some children are brought into the world of marriage at the of 8 or sometimes less depending on their cultural views. The following can be used to help reduce the impact of early
For this journal entry, I have decided to review the Respect for Marriage Act. The Respect for Marriage Act, was introduced in 2009, as a repeal to Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, which deems that the federal government does not recognize marriages of same sex couples. The Respect for Marriage Act was then reintroduced in 2015. The Respect for Marriage Act is a bill to repeal the Defense of Marriage Act and ensure respect for State regulation of marriage (https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/29)., amends the Defense of Marriage Act to repeal a provision that prohibited state, territory, possession, or Indian tribe from being required to recognize any public act, record, or judicial proceeding of any other state,
Marriage in Britain was a largely independent affari compared to India where, once married, the wife would proceed to live with her husband and his family. The consequence of changes to inheritance law was that, while in Britain a widow’s choice was to either keep the meager inheritance she got and enjoy her independence or remarry and share the money with her new husband, in India things got far more complicated because of deep seated notions of marriage and widowhood that hinged on unequivocally Indian norms, values and culture. If a woman were to receive money under the change in law there would be significant resentment from her late husband’s family. The widow had a high chance of still living with his family resulting in a cloistered but not sheltered existence. Sexuality and autonomy were often controlled by the families based on notions of female sexuality and as a way of preserving caste and offspring. Despite this Indian women were often sexually active, although more often than not, there was a lack of consent. Moreover, remarriage was not a viable option for most widows as the deeply rooted Hinduism in India promoted notions of ‘ascetic widowhood’. Thus slowly, almost as a reaction to the British hijacking on Indian culture and law, customary laws began to be replaced by a far more Hindu
Gone are the days when live in relationships were considered to be a taboo in the Indian society. The concept of live in relationships or cohabitation came in India from the western culture. We have already seen that the western culture is now dominating our traditional culture and the concept of live in relationships is just another example of it. It is the desire to become more modern, open minded and civilized which is making the western culture attractive. Keeping all these factors in mind, the government also needs to bring reforms in the existing laws according to the changing needs of the society. Previously
The paper seeks to discuss in great detail the legal implications and legal elements associated with and governing the live in relationship system. The latest judgment in the case of Indra Sarma vs VKV Sarma provides a base to
Shah Bano approached the courts for maintenance from her husband, as she had no means of economically providing for herself or her children. Seven years had lapsed by the time the case reached the Supreme Court, where Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code was invoked, and she was to be given the maintenance due to her. It is to be noted here that Section 125 (Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents) applies to everyone, irrespective of caste, creed, or religion . This judgement wasn’t the first time that a divorced Muslim woman had been given maintenance under the provision.
which may be acceptable to all sections of Hindus and be equally upon them. With this end in view the Hindu Succession Act 1956 came into existence. It removes inequities between men and women with respect