Life Cycle Analysis ( Lca )

Aquaculture can be defined as farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants both in freshwater and saltwater. It has a wide range of ownerships from small family business to multimillionaire global industries.1It provides many job opportunities throughout the world. As an example Canadian aquaculture industry valued $ 5 billion Canadian dollars provides more than 130 000 jobs only in Canada.2Accelerated growth of aquaculture causes series of problems to both human health and environment.3Most bacterial species resides both in animals and well as in human will pathogenic to both. transfer of pathogens between the two host species is a common situation for most organisms.4 Most of the developing country aquatic farms are non-hygienic and stressful. This will lead to an increase of bacterial infection among most aquatic species. As a preventative and curative method farmers mix a huge amount of antimicrobial products with the aquatic feed.5 Since aquaculture is a global industry, Implemented laws and regulations are different from country to country. It is very difficult to implement global regulations relating to antimicrobial use.1

One of the most commonly shared beliefs about aquaculture is that it has potential to amplify and transfer disease/parasites to wild fish populations, but strict management practices and guidelines have been utilized and supplemented to ensure that US farming operations mitigate current and potential environmental risks associated with aquaculture (NOAA, 2015). Among these practices are regular diver-led inspections to investigate the integrity of nets and net infrastructure, surveillance cameras and even public webcam feeds that monitor the fish farms and in particular monitor efficient use of feed, regular health inspections in efforts to have a head start on disease prevention and detection, and “comprehensive sanitary and biosecurity programs to prevent the introduction and/or spread of pests or diseases from one farm site/cage to another or into the environment.” (NOAA, 2015). Additionally, movements are being made to stop the spreading of disease and to limit oceanic pollution by containing salmon in solid tanks rather than in netting. “In Washington State, Domsea Farms has launched a land-based, freshwater system to produce coho salmon.” (David Suzuki Foundation, n.d.) This method is not only environmentally sound, but it opens up aquacultural boundaries. By containing fish in these large tanks, there is potential for salmon aquaculture to

Life cycle costing is a technique that is used to assess environmental impacts that are linked with the product life stages from manufacturing to consumption that is from raw material acquisition to processing or manufacture, distribution, consumption, maintenance and repair (Epstein & Buhovac, 2014). It shows and some of the environmental concerns associated with the product life (Koroluk, 2012).

With a minimal initial investment of $100,000 and a single acre of level ground, a self-sustaining aquaponics based growing operation can be established and become profitably within 6 months. Through continuous year round vegetable and fish production, this operation can conservatively generate $250,000 in annual revenue starting in the very first year. While the initial investment in materials and equipment is steep, the output of this system rapidly accelerates to full potential and costs very little to maintain on an annual basis. The versatility of this system allows for the

Our end results only supported to some extent our hypothesis that increasing numbers of brine shrimp would directly cause decreases in algae concentration. Our hypothesis, if applied to only the jars of 3 and 6 brine shrimp, would be highly supported, due to the significant difference in algae concentrations. Evidently, the more shrimp that were present in the ecosystem, the less algae that were available at the end. In an ecosystem with more consumers, the consumers demand a higher amount of nutrients from the environment, or more specifically, the producers. And as the consumers develop and grow, those demands also grow. And thus, when we increased the amount of brine shrimp, more algae were consumed per unit time. Though the rate of consumption from the brine shrimp did not exceed the rate of growth of the algae in any jar, the

Shellfish require nitrogen to grow and while growing, filter the water, improving water clarity and removing biomass (Bricker et al., 2018). Harvesting the shellfish makes the removal permanent and in the case of the blue mussel in Sweden, a 10 by 200 m by 6m deep farm grows 140 to 180 metric tons of mussels removing almost 1400 to 1800 Kilograms of Nitrogen in 18 months (Lindahl et al., 2005). This same farm can filter about 50,000 square meters of surface water over the course of a year improving water clarity (Lindahl et al., 2005). Considering that the LNB encompasses over 500 ha of water, which provides plenty of space for aquaculture without conflicts with other users. Approval for a project like a mussel farm or other shellfish would require a purpose or business plan plus a variety of permits. Aquaculturists in Long Island Sound already grow oysters, which provides the same benefits as mussels, but takes a little longer to grow. Connecticut DEEP manages the permitting process in this area, providing a single organization to work with. The nitrogen removed from a single farm would go a long way towards mitigating the 88000Kg of nitrogen added every year, see figure 1. While some challenges do exist in getting started, LNB size provides ample space for an activity like shellfish aquaculture, which would start eutrophication reduction immediately, increase water clarity and provide a usable

• fish are a good source of nutritious food because they provide a high source of

Taking what I learned from my Design Engineering class, I am designing a second aquaponics system for use at the school in Ghana. It will be built over the course of my two week trip. As a way to grow plants with 90% less water than traditional farming and with a fraction the space, aquaponics is a viable solution for providing the sub-saharan school with extra proteins and micronutrients. It doesn't matter if the land there is unfarmable or if it rarely rains, aquaponics is a way for people all over the globe to produce fresh fish and produce despite having inadequate resources of fertile land and

Life Cycle Costing (LCC) is an important economic analysis used in the selection of alternatives that impact both pending and future

companies are willing to provide available data in order to assist with a life cycle

Another global effect of overfishing is fish farming or aquaculture. It was first started to help preserve the ocean and hoped to help people to obtain a reliable fish source. Unfortunately, what many came to realize is the downside of fish farming. One example is water contamination, where consequently waste products such as foods eaten, feces and other dead fish, are all dumped into our main water supply which contributes to water pollution. Moreover, chemicals that are used to treat the fish farms like antibiotics and algaecides are all released into the ocean; which is a real cause for concern for our oceans. Fish that come from the fish farms are pumped full of drugs, to prevent sickness in the fish but this is not healthy for us to eat. There is also a great environmental impact which includes the fact that to sustain fish farms, portions of

The global fish farming community recognizes the need for change and adaptation to sustain the demand within this market for the future. In production, the first part of traditional economics, according to our book is "the creation and reproduction of good like food, tools, and other artifacts together with the knowledge involved in making and using them" (Heider, 2007, p. 172). We look at the

Inventory analysis is the data collection portion of a LCA and includes a quantified list of all inputs and outputs involving the entire life cycle of the concerned system. LCI involves estimating the energy and materials consumed by the system, the energy efficiency of the system’s components, and the emissions to air, land, and water by variant processes and components of the system. The process of data collection is the most time-consuming and resource-intensive step of the LCA. The reuse of data from other studies can simplify the work; however, assuring the data are representative is essential. LCI can be utilized to discover improvement opportunities and determine life cycle stages that present the most and least detrimental impacts [4].

In today’s global economy sustainability is very important; from the biological aspect to the industries they all play a role on the marine environment. As world population increases the demand of fish rises causing overfishing. Certain laws have been placed to limit the amount of wild fishing to reduce the risk of endangerment. To meet the demand of the population, fish farms are introduced. Pollution and health related issues are part of the challenges of fish farming. Sustainability also affects social areas such as beaches.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique used to quantify environmental outcomes- energy, materials used, and released wastes- assignable to a product. It assesses the environmental impacts of their supply chain activities as a whole. By looking at the full picture of the activities, a firm such as Procter and Gamble (P&G) could view the environmental tradeoffs of product innovation. In efforts to sustain competitive advantage with their popular-selling item, disposable diapers, the use of LCA aides in making decisions for producing greener products for its customers, and to reduce environmental footprint. The public is becoming widely concerned with the products effects on resources and the environment. “These effects occur at every stage in a product’s life cycle-from the extraction of the raw materials from the ground through the processing, manufacturing, and transportation phases, ending with use and disposal or recycling” (Le-van,1995, p.7,). The present study aims to evaluate the life cycle system of disposable diapers in efforts to assign understanding of the sustainability benefits of Life Cycle Assessment.