Lin Foxhall's Analysis

The Greek Archaic Period, (c. 800- 479 BCE) is preceded by the Greek Dark Age, (c.1200- 800 BCE), followed by the Classical Period (c. 510- 323 BCE), (Lloyd, 2012). One of the most important aspects to note with regards to the Archaic Period is the politics and law. These were some of the vast changes experienced during this period and mainly occurred due to the increase of the Greek population, (the sharp rise in population at the start of the Archaic period brought with it the

Flannery and Marcus discuss in our textbook about the social renown that comes from agriculture. “It is also the case that for most parts of the world, Rousseau was right: not until people had begun to raise crops or animals do we see signs of emerging inequality” (Flannery and Marcus 2012:91). This is especially true for Cahokia. In Cahokia, food storage changed in the Mississippian period. Woods, in his article, points out the fact that there is archeological evidence for food storage as being a communal event at Cahokia and that Cahokian households typically lacked a storage place of their own, which gave rise to the need for a large, community-based facility (2004:149). This was not always the case. There was evidence back in the Late Woodland period, prior to the Mississippian Period that shows there were domestic storage features in households and little evidence for communal storage. The rise of communal storage also gives rise to social power of the elites. “… the institutionalization of social ranking, DeBoer contends that ‘There is no mystery to the absences of subterranean storage in such circumstances. It is expected’” (Woods 2004:154). This being said, the change from subterranean food storage to aboveground food storage changed once Cahokia elites were gaining more and more power and becoming redistributors. This is an exemplary indication of social inequality. The chiefs and elites control the food storage and how much gets redistributed and how much goes back in to replace what was used. The producers and consumers of the food do not get much say in the matter because it is not their

In his 1996 work titled Hoplites into Democrats: The Changing Ideology of Athenian Infantry, Victor Hanson analyzes the timeline of the Athenian government as it transitions into a democracy and the effect this transition had on their warfare culture. Throughout the article, Hanson refers to the seventh and sixth century BC as the ‘normative polis’ before democracy when the government was timocratical and Athens was an early agrarian polis; and then continues his article to emphasize the fifth and fourth centuries BC during the political reforms and the emergence of democracy as the main form of government. Hanson mentions the tensions that arose between landowners and non-landowners as the government transitioned from timocratic to democratic,

Around town, Elwood P. Dowd is known as sweet, courteous and kind, but has just one glaring eccentricity. Elwood's best friend is a 6'3" tall, invisible rabbit named Harvey. Harvey truly believes in Elwood's dreams - but not everyone believes in Harvey.

Iron Age Hoplite Warfare brings about the First Democratic Societies in Archaic Age Greece, Following the Role of Monarchy, Feudalism and the Aristocracy

Autochthony is a concept which centers around the original inhabitants of a land, being “sprung from the earth”. This concept was wildly popular in fourth and fifth century Ancient Greece and in Autochthony and the Athenians, Vincent Rosivach posits a threefold theory which places the development of the idea of autochthony much later than commonly attributed. His most powerful argument centers around the etymology of the word, providing a proper, thorough analysis of how the root-prefix is used in Greek to mean numerous things. The political argument Rosivach makes near the end of the paper makes sense on the surface, but ultimately ends up being unsatisfactory – raising numerous important questions about Athenian citizens and how they

“The chief archaeological value of Gournia is that it has given us a remarkably clear picture of the everyday circumstances, occupations, and ideals of the Aegean folk at the height of their true prosperity.”

This site contains 4000 years of history and is immensely significant to us as it has provided us with an understanding into the early development of European civilisation. The site appears to have been inhabited from the Early Bronze Age to arounder—bout 1180 B.C. Troy was the name given to the Bronze Age City displayed in the Trojan War of ancient Greek. Other names for this site are ‘Hisarlik’, ‘Iliios', ‘Ilion’ and ‘Ilium’. The Trojan War is said to be what destroyed the city of Troy in 1180 B.C. The war was waged against the city of Troy by the Greek’s after the King of Sparta’s wife Helen was taken by the Prince of Troy. The war was an intense battle which is thought to of lasted

The Aegean Sea must have been seen as a paradise, with its 1400 island, rich bounty of fish and seafood in those emerald green waters. It would be extremely difficult to extend a reign of power over all those islands covered by alabaster white, unapproachable mountains. If we are, to ever again contemplate distant origins of democracy in those parts, perhaps we should take under consideration the landscape of those lands,

The assumption that all of the formidable early civilizations were founded upon the shoulders of slave labor has gone round for ages despite scholastic efforts to counter the assertion from time immemorial. Nevertheless, it is vital to consider a particular civilization as a case study in order to really unearth the truth behind such sentiments. Taking for example the Greek civilization, studies indicate that Greece may have surpassed many other civilizations of its time especially concerning acquisition and use of forced labor (Cuffel page 323). Amazingly, research efforts have come up with the conclusion that the number of those under forced labor in the ancient Greek civilization might have probably exceeded the numbers of free people (Finley page 146). This was a result of the numerous options available to the Greek in matters of acquisition of slaves. Some of the most common ways included babies abandoned by mothers, prisoners taken during war, and even being born as a child of a slave (Leinweber page 33). Whichever way any critical mind looks at the issue, such information and statistics show a great correlation between slavery and the establishment of early civilizations. This paper intends to critically consider all the available facts from credible sources to show the extent to which the Greek civilization was based on slave labor.

Late Helladic fortification walls on the Greek mainland are found surrounding citadels, not the entire city or site. The citadels seem to have housed central administration and housing for an elite class of citizens. They were built on hills, presumably as another layer of fortification. I will examine the sites of Gla, Midea, Tiryns, and Mycenae to look for similarities and differences in the design and architecture of their fortifications, as well as, arguments about the purpose of the fortifications at these sites. I will also explore how some sites were hindered or helped defensively and economically by their location and their use of fortifications.

Also, during the War of Independence the Greeks used three distinctive but related strategies: “(1) the purification of the landscape, by removing all remnants that polluted the material traces of the golden age of the classical period; (2) the rebuilding and re-creation of symbolically important monuments; and (3) the designation and demarcation of localities with ancient remnants as archaeological sites, and their exhibition as monuments”. (Hamilakis, 2009, p. 86 )

Along the south eastern shores of the Greek mainland there existed during late Helladic time a number of settlements corresponding in many ways to those of Minoan Crete. They were grouped around palaces. Their persons have come to be called Mycenaean’s after Mycenae, the most important of these settlements. Since the works of art uncover there by make a hole by digging often showed a inspiring Minoan character, the Mycenaean’s were at first regarded as having come from Crete, but it is now agreed that they were the a persons of the earliest Greek tribes, who had entered the country soon after 2000 B.C for about 400 years, these people had led not easily seen of country life in their new homeland; the modest tombs of this period have provided only some simple article and a few color weapons.

In the beginning of the 7th millennium, the establishment of permanent residence, the introduction and the cultivation of domestic plants as well as the exploitation of domestic animals, replaced or modified the practices that already existed for tens of thousands of years concerning the way of living and the ensuring of food, characterizing the Neolithic period in Greek territory. More specifically, the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture meant the transition from wild to domesticate and from food collection to food production. The paper’s point is to investigate the transition to agriculture in Greece as a continuous process during which the elements

The time between the Persian Wars and the coming of Alexander the Great is an often over-romanticized part of history, looked upon as Golden Age of democracy, epic stories and heroes of war, when in reality, life in classical Greece sucked some major kώλoς. With a democracy that did not work as well as people give it credit for, prevalently patriarchal principles, and petty conflicts between city states that inhibited a sense of Greek nationality, one’s experiences during this time period seem rather lackluster. In order to truly see this time as a ‘Golden Age’, one must look at the legacy this Greek tragedy of a time period left in its wake. With a profoundly positive legacy, it can be concluded that classical Greece was in fact a golden age. This is so, due to the advancements in science, literature, and philosophy, the seed of democracy being sewn to eventually grow into the pruned and more effective versions we know today, and the cultural influence of classical Greece was a muse to many a great creator to follow. In any case, epic battles are the least of what the Greeks gave to us.