Liquid Helium, Its Discovery, Properties Applications And Limitations

At a temperature slightly above absolute zero, it is transformed into helium II, also called superfluid helium, a liquid with unique physical properties. It has no freezing point, and its viscosity is apparently zero; it passes readily through minute cracks. Helium-3, the lighter helium isotope, which has an even lower boiling point than ordinary helium, exhibits different properties when liquefied.

Helium is the coolest thing in the world. It changes your voice. It makes your voice higher when your voice is really low. You put it in Balloons to make it stay up. You usually use it for party's. Well the first time that I did it it was really funny. But for my grandpas surprise birthday party we used helium for the balloons.

Throughout the article, the author talks about how the properties of water can be related to square dancing. The molecules of water take the place of the dancers as they move coordinately. Water does not conform to the same properties of other liquids. Water has many different properties that are talked about in the article. The most famous and most talked about property in the article is water’s density at low temperatures; like how it expands as it cools. Other liquids condense as they get cooler but water does the opposite. At super cooled temperatures, the properties of water become stranger as it is able to exist as a liquid much below its freezing point. Another strange property of water is that in super cooled states, it splits into two

and a much lower superconducting transition temperature TC relative to the β phase: ca. 0.015 K vs. 1–4 K; mixing the two phases allows obtaining intermediate TC values. The TC value can also be raised by alloying tungsten with another metal . Such tungsten alloys are sometimes used in low-temperature superconducting circuits.

Fluorine hits its boiling point at -188°C and hits its melting point at -219.6°C (“Lenntech”). It is thermally conductive, but not electrically conductive (“Rsc”). Fluorine has a density of 0.001696 g/cm cubed at -20°C (“Chemicool”). Due to being a gas, fluorine has no ductility, hardness, or malleability. Fluorine only has one stable naturally occurring isotope, 19F, which in turn has a natural abundance of 100% (“Rsc”). None of its eleven other known isotopes occur naturally, or are stable enough.

Tiny molecules comprise our world are called elements, there are different kinds of elements, one is Helium, abbreviated by the symbol He. Note that the first letter is uppercase, and the second lowercase. It was discovered in 1868 when a French astronomer, Pierre Janssen, examined spectral lines from the sun and saw an unfamiliar element. The unknown element was named Helium, after the greek word ‘helios’ meaning sun. Though it was discovered on the sun, it can be found in the ground of the Earth. It forms out of the radioactive decay of metals such as uranium and cleveite, and is plentiful in the soil of Texas.

This book was revolutionary to physics and became the most influential book for physics and other sciences at the time. The publication accelerated the popularity for Isaac, making him an international public figure. The Principia explains three main rules throughout the book.

It is where heat is transmitted to a material which is generally a metal as they are good conductors while gases and non-metals are generally

The placement of hydrogen and helium on the Periodic Table causes many of the mistakes, anomalies and exceptions in the rules it follows. First, hydrogen is a non-metal, but it is placed on the metal side due to its atomic number and because it only has one valence electron. Placing the element in the middle of the table keeps hydrogen from being falsely labeled as an alkali metal and keeps it from being classified as a metal since it isn’t identified with a specific column or group. Secondly, helium is a noble gas, but it has two valence electrons, which means it should be in group two. However, it is a non-metal so putting it in group two would also be inaccurate. To fix this, we also put helium in the center and used color coding to match

As found in the group lab, polar covalent substances are soluble in water due to the dipole-dipole attraction between water and the molecule. They are also soluble in ethyl alcohol for this same reason. Also, they are not conductors in H2O because there are no charged particles floating freely, they are elements, not ions. Lastly, they have a melting point between 1000C and 5000C due to the dipole-dipole forces within the molecule. In the independent lab, it was found that the substance in container 4 met most of the requirements for it to be classified as a polar substance. It was soluble in water and ethyl alcohol, it did not conduct electricity in H2O and had a melting point between 1000C and 5000C. Although, the chemical within this container was not soluble in ethyl alcohol and soluble in hexane. This could have been due to the ratio of the substance and volume of

A good conductor of heat would be metal, because electrons are free to bounce around and move very fast, while non-metals such as fibers, spun glass and other dense material restricts the free flow of electrons, making them slow.

Helium makes up about Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe. It was discovered on the sun before it was found on earth. In 1868 a french astronomer, Pierre-Jules-Cesar Janssen noticed a yellow line in the sun’s spectrum while studying a total solar eclipse. With a wavelength of 587.49 nanometers Norman Lockyer realized that this line could not be produced by any element at the time. It was hypothesized that the sun was responsible for this mysterious yellow emission. Lockyer named the unknown element helium.

* Lim Peng Chew, Lim Ching Chai, Nexus Bestari Physics, Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. , 2013, Pg 18,19

Uncovering the mysteries of Jupiter is a crucial step for a greater understanding of our Solar System. Being the massive planet that it is, this mysterious planet may hold many answers to how our the Solar System formed and evolved. The understanding of the origins of the universe includes answers even to the formation of Earth itself. Many believe that the research of Jupiter will lead to discoveries on planet formation and the role of giant planets on the formation f stars and other smaller bodies. Mysteries of Jupiter include its composition, what is under its clouds, what is in its core and its magnetic field. Research on the amount of water in the planet will tell us about the

In the early 1900's a duch physicist by the name of Heike Kammerlingh Onnes (pictured above), discovered superconductivity. Before his discovery, Onnes had spent most of his scientific career studying extreme cold. The first step he took toward superconductivity was on July 10, 1908 when he liquified helium and cooled it to an astonishing 4 K, which is roughly the temperature of the background radiation in open space. Using this liquid helium, Onnes began experimenting with other materials and their properties when subjected to intense cold. In 1911, he began his research on the electrical properties of these same materials. It was known to Onnes that as materials, particularly metals, cooled, they exhibited less and less resistance. Bringing a mercury wire to as close to absolute zero as possible, Onnes observed that as the temperature dropped, so to did the resistance, until 4.2 K was reached. There resistance vanished and current flowed through the wire unhindered. Below is an approximate graph displaying resistance as a function of temperature for the experiment Onnes conducted with mercury: