Liver Cancer Case Study

As the Directors at Sharp Reese Medical Facility it is important to raise awareness about the importance of the liver to the human body and the many important functions that it performs for the body such as digestion and the filtration of toxins and drugs from

“Each Year in the United States about one-hundred and fifty-thousand patients develop cancer of the colon or rectum. Around fifty percent of these patients will either have a cancer that has already spread to the liver or they will come back in future years with metastatic cancer to the liver.” Liver cancer, or other known as Hepatocellular Carcinoma, is a cancer residing in the liver. There are other cancers like metastatic cancer that starts at other organs then spreads to the liver. Being the third most common cancer in the world, it is also one of the deadliest. Twenty percent of the patients that are affected by liver cancer survive for a year after diagnosis. Sadly, five percentile of the survivors live for only five years or more.

For lesions > 3 cm TACE should be preferred because its effectiveness appears to be better in well-vascularized tumors with large feeding arteries and the possible advantage of DEBs-TACE over lipiodol-TACE should be investigated in future studies. Also the role of alternative treatments such as MWA and TARE needs to be investigated in a larger number of patients. But it must be clear that the use of any type of treatment as a Downstaging tool in patients with decompensated liver should be cautiously to avoid irreversible liver failure and severe complications precluding LT. ( Clavien PA et al.,2012).

In the presented case scenario, we have Mr. Gil Martin who is a 55-year-old Hispanic male. He comes in to the clinic today with complaints of weakness, fatigue, and loss of appetite. A student nurse will be precepting your assessment of Mr. Martin and when collecting subjective and objective data it is important to pay close detail to all findings. Ultimately this patient was diagnosis with cirrhosis, which is an abnormal liver condition that leads to irreversible scarring of the liver (National Institute of Health [NIH], 2017), so during assessment we should pay attention to details leading to this diagnosis.

The students will first perform surgery on the rats. Each animal with be anesthetized. Following standard surgical procedures, an incision will be made in the scalp and two holes drilled in the animal's skull. Electrodes will be lowered into the brain to create lesions on each side. The animals will then be allowed to recover.

The MD Anderson Liver Tumor biospecimen resource has been invaluable for a large number of studies or clinical development. The sixth and subsequent editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging of hepatocellular cancer, which was developed by an international consortium led by Jean-Nicolas Vauthey, MD, Professor of Surgery at MD Anderson and co-leader on project 2 of the SPORE, was based upon pathologic review of resected specimens in the Liver Tumor Bank (Vauthey JN J Clin Oncol 2002 20:1527-36). In addition, investigators at MD Anderson examined tissues in the Liver Tumor Bank to elucidate the prognostic significance of the ribonucleoprotein Human Antigen R (HuR) showing that patients with high HuR tumor expression had

With limited number or organs available to those in need of a new one, there must be a way in which people are granted their spot on the recipient list. Many factors in organ allocation must be considered as organs are a scarce resource. Such factors must include, life style, age, prognosis, other comorbidities and most importantly the cause for the transplant. To explore these ideas, I will focus on the Zambrano article introduced in class. In this article, the author explores the argument of responsibility in respect to people with Alcohol Related End of Stage Liver Disease (ARESLD). The argument of responsibility states that “alcoholics who have ARESLD should be given lower priority for (scarce) medical resources when they are competing

Looking at Jonathon’s labs, vital signs, and physical assessment, along with his recent admissions, I would diagnose him with acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity. Patients with acute liver failure can present with symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain, fatigue, and anorexia (Lancaster, Hiatt, & Zarrinpar, 2015). Jonathon is presenting with fever and abdominal pain. His LFT indicate that acute liver failure is present. At his previous visit, I prescribed him to take the maximum dose of acetaminophen at 4g/day. Since Johnathon admits to taking several over the counter (OTC) brand medications it is possible he took Tylenol, which is the brand name for acetaminophen, and not realizing that he was overdosing. Acetaminophen can be found in many OTC medications. I would ask Johnathon for a complete list of all the OTC medications he was taking, or for him to remember as many as he could. His drinking is also a major concern. Large alcoholic beverage consumption in combination with high doses of acetaminophen can greatly affect the liver. At this point I would be extremely concerned for Jonathon’s health.

Overnutrition, specifically excessive consumption of fructose, is fundamental to NAFLD development10. Fructose metabolism, unlike glucose, occurs nearly exclusively in the liver and is preferentially selected for lipogenesis. The triglyceride production and storage that results from fructose ingestion is highly associated with central obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance11. This relevant finding is especially important to clinicians, as this modifiable risk factor may be easily addressed.

Male, 5-6 wk old Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g (Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) were housed on a 12-hour light/dark cycle at constant room temperature and fed a standard commercial rat chow (120 µmol Na+/g,) and water ad libitumFor all surgeries, rats were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane in oxygen. Effective levels of anesthesia were maintained by observing reactions to physical stimulation such as toe-pinch, as well as monitoring the pattern of respiration. For pain relief, slow release buprenorphine (1mg/kg) was injected sc 1 hour before surgery which provides adequate analgesia for 3 days. . All surgeries and experiments for the present study were approved by the University of

Liver cancer is an abnormal growth of cells (tumor) in the liver that is cancerous (malignant). The liver is located on the upper right side of the abdomen, just below the ribs. It is the largest organ in the body. The liver:

- I tested the isoflurane induction and stereotaxic mounting using the new anesthesia system and the stereotax, and I observed the rat's breathing pattern and body temperature while under anesthesia; I will schedule a demonstration surgery with John next week.

Therefore, dose and duration of treatment is limited, which in turn limits the amount of normal and tumor cell death. A second mechanism is the suppression of cancer cells for variable periods of time without cell death. This mechanism is referred to as remission. Unfortunately, the cancer can return at any time, and it is sometimes stronger. Here another limitation is introduced. Some tumor cells can develop resistance to a particular chemical agent, or several chemical agents, limiting the types of chemotherapeutic agents available for effective use. The last mechanism is cell differentiation, which helps the immune system learn to recognize and fight tumor cells (1).

This report will discuss how liver cancer affects the liver. I will discuss the how liver cancer affects the normal operation of the liver, what causes liver cancer, how this cancer can be detected and how this cancer can be treated. I will conclude with a discussion of how common liver cancer is.

evaluate the oncological effectiveness of RATS lobectomy in term of radicality and lymph node dissection and retrieval;