Malathion: Varying Health Problems

A variety of mammals have been tested for pathogenicity and other toxic effects of B.t.k. using several exposure routes. No evidence of pathogenicity was found in these experimental animals. However, viable B.t.k. has been recovered in humans up to several months after exposure. A few inconsistent studies were also reported in rats exposed to high B.t.k. levels. Symptoms included lethargy, frequent urination, hair loss and piloerection (hair stands up on end).

Calculate: How long does it take for the blood concentration to go from the maximum recommended value to the minimum recommended value? It takes about 4 hours

enters the blood stream in just a matter of seconds of using this drug. When eating or drinking

Conducting a risk assessment for malathion would begin by planning. The first step in thisprocess would be to see who and what are at risk. We would also look at what areas are at risk.This would then be further broken down to more specific groups, such as adults , children, teens,and pregnant women. Looking deeper at who would be affected we would next look at the highlysusceptible subgroups. This would be people with asthma or genetic problems, and those with ahigher exposer based on geographical area than others. We would then begin looking at theenvironmental hazard of malathion. An example of what we would be looking for then would bethe cumulative risk of chemicals. Would this effect microbiological or biological beings, or willthis effect

Children are less likely to experience aslow heart rate, sweating, muscle tremors or tear production, but are more likely toexperience lethargy, muscle weakness, constricted pupils, excessive production of saliva,seizures, or coma. Other, more severe conditions such as intermediate syndrome andOrganophosphate-Induce Delayed Neuropathy (OPIDN) can occur at very high exposurelevels (Gervais et.al, pp. 3-4).4. Dose-Response AssessmentIn the laboratory, rats and rabbits were exposed to varying levels of Malathion todetermine its effects. Death occurred in rats at levels 1,000-12,500 mg per kilogram ofbody weight when ingested. When placed on the skin, death occurred at 2000 mg/kg orgreater. When inhaled, death occurred at greater than 5.2 mg/L. As these figures arebased on body weight and lung capacity, death in humans would require significantlyhigher exposures, which is why the EPA considers Malathion to be low or very low intoxicity (Gervais et.al, pp. 2-3).Five humans ingested Malathion (voluntarily) at 0.23mg/kg/day for 47 days, andshowed no notable reduction in the activity of AChE. When the dose was increased to0.34mg/kg/day for 56 days, all five volunteers showed signs of reduced activity of AChEtwo weeks after the experiment began. The highest amount of AChE reduction was 25%,which was recorded up to 3 weeks after the end of the experiment. The inhalation trialsincluded doses of 5.3, 21.0, and 85.0 mg/m3 for one hour, twice a day for 42 consecutivedays. The volunteers reported eye and nose irritation for 5-10 minutes following thebeginning of exposure, but no reduction in AChE activity was found (Gervais et.al, p.5).Fish and rats were

Even if the chemical is shown promising for helping the animals it does not automatically mean that it would be safe for humans.

Now more than ever, we are aware of the impact that certain substances in our

Nitroglycerin is well absorbed through the oral, buccal and sublingual mucosa. Nitroglycerin administered orally is rapidly metabolized leading to decrease bioavailability. Nitroglycerin is metabolized rapidly through the liver as well as enzymes in the bloodstream, and has a half-life of 1-4 minutes. For acute angina, 0.4 mg is administered sublingual. In the event the initial dose does not decrease the pain, a second dose can be administered sublingually after 5 minutes up to a third dose. If the pain persists after administering the third dose, the patient is instructed to call 911. Topical doses can be administered 0.5-2 inches from the site of administration

Half life is a term used to determine how long it will take for a drug to be eliminated from the body (Preston, O’Neal & Talaga, 2017).  However the term steady states is used when the medication reaches at period where the amount still in the body is the same as being removed (Preston et al., 2017). The steady state typically is reached after four half-lives once it has been given (Preston et al., 2017). Therefore a drug that has a half life of six hours it would roughly take 24 hours to be eliminated once it was taken. This is determined by the example given in the text, Handbook of clinical psychopharmacology for therapist (Preston, et al., 2017). “If half-life is twenty-four hours, then the steady state is usually reached in four days”

Does everyone remember their very first animal? Remember the puppy’s sweet and perfect eyes, the kitten’s soft and comforting “meow”, or perhaps even a hamster and their playful and enthusiastic personality? These loving, innocent, precious animals are used daily on animal experimentation. With each and every chemical-related product produced, experimentation is required before being released into stores; unfortunately, these tests are typically performed on blameless animals. However, just because testing of a particular product on an animal results positive, does that undoubtedly mean the results will be equivalent for humans? For instance, cigarette smoking was once considered “safe” because types of cancer associated with smoking are

There are many exposures to hazards in our environment today that brings along the risk of an injury, different types of diseases, and even in some cases death. These hazards are called human environmental hazards. There are four categories to human environmental hazards which we will discover and discuss further in detail and they consist of cultural hazards, biological hazards, physical hazards, and chemical hazards (Wright & Boorse, 2011).

Scientists like Karen Chou differently thinks that animals have an huge impact on research. Her study was on toxicological studies She say, “The major

Pharmacologically active levels are achieved within twenty four hours after injection, and serum concentrations of one ng/mL are maintained for three months. During the fifth or sixth month after injection, the levels decrease to 0.2 ng/mL, and they become undetectable by seven to nine months after injection.

According to a 5-year-study carried out by the US Environmental Protection Agency (Greenfield, 1991), peak concentrations of 20 toxic compounds, some linked with cancer and birth defects, were 200-500 times higher inside than outdoors. It is necessary to note that these figures are based on US values and there is a need to exhibit caution in applying them directly to the UK in

Children are more prone to air pollution due to their immune and metabolic system because it is not fully developed. The elderly are also at a higher risk; however, unlike a child, their weak immune system is caused by age and the inability to compensate environmental hazards (Hong, and Goldberg, 2009). Furthermore, a middle- aged, healthy adult is the most resistant to these toxins because they have reached a point in their life where they have developed and built up a strong immune system that better adapts to environmental hazards.