Maleic Anhydride Lab Report

What are two possible sources of error for this experiment? Discuss how these errors would have changed your results. Specifically, how would the ratio of moles of anhydride to moles of water have changed?

My unknown organism #6 is Morganella morganii, which is a gram-negative bacillus rods commonly found in the environment and also in the intestinal tracts of humans, mammals, and reptiles as a normal flora. (3, 5) This bacterium Morganella morganii, was first discovered in the 1906 by a British bacteriologist named H. de R. Morgan. (2) Despite its wide distribution, it is an uncommon cause of community-acquired infection and is most often encountered inpostoperative and other nosocomial settings. (2, 3) Morganella morganii infections respond well to appropriate antibiotic therapy; however, its

Identifying Organism 6C Introduction: This report details the steps taken and processes used to discover the identity of the unknown organism given to me on Tuesday, November 28th, 2017. With all of the knowledge and skills gained over the semester, in class and in lab, I was able to positively identify my unknown organism. The objective of these labs being, that I successfully utilize the tests and procedures taught during the course to correctly identify my organism and to be able to explain the reasoning behind my tests and results.

To start off, in an Erlenmeyer flask approximately 0.51 g of E-stilbene with 10 mL of acetic acid was dissolved. A hot water bath was prepared and the mixture was warmed until the solid is completely dissolved. After the solution was dissolved, 1.02 gram of pyridinium hydromide perbromide was added. The crystals around the flask were rinsed with a small amount of acetic acid and the solution was continued in the hot water bath for one to two minutes.

In order to test the rate of phagocytosis in tetrahymena, the tetrahymena need to ingest particles that are visible under a light microscope. The substance used in this experiment was India ink. India ink is deep black colored ink containing dispersed carbon particles. The trethymena treat the India ink as if it were food and ingest it. There were three concentrations of India ink that were fed to the eukaryotes The percent’s that were used are: 1%, 5% and 10% of India ink. After certain time intervals, the tetrahymena were fixed with a compound called 3% paraformaldehyde (PFA).On the first day six different mixtures of tetrahymena and ink concentrations were made to test which conditions would express the best rate of phagocytosis. The well fed tetrahymena were fed with 1% India ink, the another group was fed 5% India ink, the last group was fed 10% India ink. Then the starved tetrahymena were fed in the same manner as the well-fed tetrahymena. After adding the ink to the microcentrifuge, we prepared a slide for each mixture at the following time intervals 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20

The reaction took place in a conical vial and .2mL of each of the reactant samples were added to it along with some 95% ethanol. Two drops of NaOH were added shortly after and stirred at room temperature for fifteen minutes. The vial was cooled in and ice bath and crystallized. Vacuum filtration was performed to filter the crude product. The crude product was recrystallized using methanol and filtered again. We made one change to the procedure and instead of using .7mL of ethanol we

Hazards The substances used during the experiment have some hazardous drawbacks. The only hazard of working with p-anisaldehyde is the danger involved if swallowed (4-Methoxybenz-aldehyde). This compound is not combustible. Some hazards of working with benzoic acid are irritation to the nasal cavity and eyes if fumes come in contact (Benzoic acid).

Preliminary work was preformed by Nathan Cox in the Boyce Lab to examine the functional significance of O-GlcNAcylation in the COPII pathway. Perturbation of O-GlcNAcylation through Thiamet-G, an OGA inhibitor, was assessed using a well-established VSV-G eGFP reporter assay Citations. The trafficking of a temperature-sensitive VSV-G eGFP mutant that is transported by COPII from the ER to the Golgi at the permissive temperature can be evaluated by the development of characteristic juxanuclear punctate fluorescence (Golgi) from diffuse/reticular fluorescence (ER) over time. Treatment with Thiamet-G slowed Golgi accumulation of VSV-G eGFP, indicating that OGA activity is required for normal COPII trafficking (Figure 1).

This involves breaking bond and creating another ring to it. The lab has revealed that the reaction occur and it has form the final product of cis-Norbornene-5, 6-eno-dicarboxylic anhydride but it was as accurate it supposed to due to some mistakes that had happen during synthesis of the reaction. The data has been collected is prove that reaction has happen but doesn’t have a great product at the end. The crystallization techniques will be applied more accurately to other synthesis and will make difference in getting final product amount that is suitable for the experiment. Lab did accomplish as it set out to be but just human errors during the process made product amount and purity less than

Next add 5 g (33.80 mmoles) of phthalic anhydride and heat the mixture to 80-85° C. After 6 hours take a portion of the reaction mixture to be distilled under a vacuum, and cool to 40° C. Put 3.1 g (45.5 mmoles) of imidazole into the flask and cool it to 5-10° C. Next, cautiously drop 1.6 ml (22 mmoles) of thionyl chloride in. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and heated to 85° C. keep stirring at this temperature for 3 hours, then distilled to one fifth of the starting volume. The residue is then cooled to 25° C. afterwards; 100 ml of a cold ethanol mixture is added. The mixture is acidified with 37% Hydrochloric acid to the pH of 7.0—0.5. Then stir for 4 hours until it reaches room temperature. Next the precipitated solid is filtered by suction and washed twice with 25 ml of water. The resulting solid is then dried overnight under vacuum at 40° C. to give a white crystalline product of thalidomide which is 3.9 g and is a yield of

The standard curve and derived equation for glucose in the aniline assay were relatively desired. In order to determine these values, half of our data was not included in the analysis. These data points were outliers within the graph and produced undesired results. The standard samples that were included in the data correlated to an R2 of just 0.90849. With this value falling close in proximity to 1.0, it can be determined that a successful standard curve was formed. With this reassurance, it can be concluded that the determined protein concentrations of experimental milk, lactase-treated milk, and Coke are also accurate. However the calculated concentrations for each sample are undesired when compared to the literature values of their respective product labels.

Part 1, week one, of this experiment consisted of the Synthesis of Cyclohexene and Simple Distillation. A 5ml short-necked, round-bottomed flask was obtained to add 3.0mL of cyclohexanol into it. Then, 0.75mL of 85% phosphoric acid using a pipette as well as adding a few boiling chips, to prevent bumping. The flask was then connected to the simple distillation apparatus. To set this apparatus up, micro-kit, such as the following, were used to build it: short-necked, round-bottom flask, Viton connector with a support rod. A distillation head with a 105° connecting adapter, air condenser, rubber connector, thermometer, thermometer adapter, Erlenmeyer flask that was used as the receiving flask, and a sand bath. The thermometer was carefully inserted into the rubber connector by holding the thermometer close to the adapter and sliding it in the connector using a twisting like motion; this was done while avoiding any forcing action which would have led to breaking of the thermometer. After the apparatus was built, the thermometer was fixed therefore its bulb was below the side arm and was not touching the sides of the glass; which ensured that the thermometer recorded the temperature of vapors which were distilling off. The apparatus was lowered making the round-bottomed flask rest in the sand bath and tilting it therefore the condenser end is resting on the Erlenmeyer flask. The sand bath was turned on to start heating the reaction mixture. The reaction was boiled for 10 minutes before distilling was proceeded. After the ten minutes, the temperature of the sand bath was increased and distilling of the cyclohexene was commenced. The distillation head was wrapped with aluminum foil to prevent heat from going out. A spatula was used to adjust the sand surrounding the round-bottomed flask to control the amount of heat that it tales in; it was adjusted therefore making the rate of distillation not faster than 2 drops per minute. Vapors were directed through the air condenser and were condensed back into liquid into the receiving flask. The simple distillation distilling temperature range was collected by recording the temperature of the first drop of distillate that is collect and the temperature of the last drop

In part 1, the mass of maleic anhydride weighed was about 8.06 grams. When the maleic anhydride was added to the boiling water and it began to dissolve almost instantly. Although the solution was taken off of the bunsen burner, it kept on bubbling. Before the solution began to cool down it was clear and odourless. Once the solution began to cool down in the ice, it began to precipitate and it also began to turn white/foggy. After cooling, the precipitate weighed about 1.45 grams. In part 2, the filtrate was boiled using refluxing equipment. The solution at first was slightly yellow and this could be a source of error, it was also odourless. Secondly, at around 8 minutes of boiling the solution was turning white/foggy and a precipitate was beginning

In chemistry, synthesis and recrystallization is one of the most useful methods to purify a solid organic compound. An everyday example of this process occurring is when a person drinks an energy drink or pre-workout drink; their body goes through a chemical process to separate chemical substances from each other and used it accordingly. Recrystallization can occur when we try to separate salt or sugar from water1. People might not think that chemistry is happening in their life, however chemistry is an unavoidable reaction. In Experiment 6A, N-pivaloyl-o-toluidine is synthesized from the reaction of o-toluidine with the reagents N-pivaloyl-chloride and triethylamine in the solvent dichloromethane (DCM) to form an amide bond. Finally, in Experiment 6B, recrystallization is used to find what the

Urate functions as a pro-oxidant and antioxidant in human serum, the mechanisms for the pro-oxidant effects of urate are poorly understood. In humans urate builds up in our serum as a result of dietary purine. Urate is an antioxidant of reactive oxygen species, yet, high serum urate (hyperuricemia) is associated with inflammatory diseases. There is a strong association for urate with gout, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. The link between hyperuricemia and inflammatory disease is oxidative stress. Urate acts as a pro-oxidant by increasing reactive oxygen species and enabling the oxidation of LDL. Urate’s switch from antioxidant to pro-oxidant might be triggered by high serum urate, ergo the ‘dose makes the poison’.