Marija Gimbutas

Indian civilizations in North America had not developed the scale, grandeur, or centralized organization of the Aztec and Inca to their south. North American Indians lacked the technologies Europeans had mastered, such as metal tools and machines, gunpowder, written languages, and the scientific knowledge necessary for long-distance navigation. They also lacked wheeled vehicles, since they had no domestic animals like horses or oxen to pull them. But, over time, Indian societies had perfected techniques of farming,

The state of Petristan is a vast landmass acknowledged as the subcontinent of India, spreading across the watershed of Paratha Valley in the West and Korma River in the East, with the early civilization which ranged from 2700 to 1700 B.C. Recent discoveries have asserted the notion that the early civilization of Paratha Valley has greatly influenced the formation of the Petristan state. Consequently, The Petristan State Archaeological Survey has selected 5000 sherds from eighteen probable sites by random sampling techniques in effort to investigate the proposed postulation. In principal, relative dating method of seriation has been

As humans, one of our most important natural instincts is survival. The Indians were an ancient people who were developed important survival skills and pass them down to the next generations. They were mostly hunter-gatherers with simple yet efficient lifestyles usually supported by the agriculture and wildlife. They were able to conserve water from streams, springs, and rainfall for irrigation, weave baskets to store foods derived from wild plants, and eventually create pottery, a more efficient way to store or retrieve resources. They did not wear a lot of clothing, but what clothing they had was from the hides of animals, woven from plant fibers. They were expert hunter-gatherers and created their own weapons such as spears, bows, and arrows. Some tribes were known to have tracked their prey and

The Tchefuncte culture, during the Woodland Period, was the first people to use the land to make pottery. Populations in the Woodland Period became more sedentary and began to establish semi-permanent villages and to practice agriculture. “A major change in hunting strategy occurred during the time of the Woodland Indians with the introduction of the bow and arrow.” (Prehistory, screen 1). They continued to hunt and farm, more efficiently with the bow and

By A.D. 700, the Anasazi people were categorized as Pueblo (Ferguson, 1996). The Pueblo people built great kivas and used simple black-on-white pottery. By the Pueblo II times, "Great Houses" and more great

The Cherokee homelands were scattered in major parts of Kentucky and Tennessee but were also located in other states such as: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. They have been known as being one of the most culturally and socially advanced tribes since becoming in contact with European explorers. Since the Cherokee were located in different places in the United States this resulted in a difference between tribes, this paper will focus on the Tennessee Cherokee. The Cherokee have been known to be highly spiritual and religious, for example they had a very high consciousness towards owls and cougars and they would honor their existence in many of their stories and rituals. Once the Europeans invaded their homelands because of the gold found, the Cherokee adopted the style of their invaders and even adopted some of their farming and building methods.

“The history of American Indians before European contact is broadly divided into three major periods: the Paleo-Indian period, the Archaic period (8000–1000 b.c.), and the Woodland period (1000 b.c.–1600 a.d.).”(DiNome) There is little known information about the Paleo-Indian period; however, the Paleo Indians are believed to be some of the first American Indians, not only in Florida, but in all of America. The Paleo Indians were believed to be nomads who fought and hunted with stone tools and clubs. During the Archaic period American Indians began to become more civilized. It was in the Archaic period that the American Indians began to establish a system of trading among their people. During this time the Indians also started developing migration routes to bring other Indians down to Florida from the Carolinas. Similarly to the Indians in the Paleo time period, the Indians in the Archaic period used stone tools for hunting and fighting, but they also began to utilize the use of bone tools during this time period. Another skill that the Indians started becoming more familiar with during this time period was basketry. The last period that we see in pre-contact Native American life is the Woodland period. It is called the Woodland period because during this time is when the Native Americans began farming. We see during this time the Indian settlements had begun moving closer to streams of water and rivers, because that is where the soil was good for successful

The ancient Botai culture in Kazakhstan first domesticated horses 5,500 years ago, and its economy was equine-based. Horses were used for labor, transportation, milk, and consumption. Even at that early time, if the horses did not succumb to the rigors of daily life, work-related injuries, or battle, then they were sold for salvage. The money received from the salvage was reinvested in a younger, stronger horse. The salvaged horse would go to the rendering plant for leather, horsehair furniture, glue, gelatin, cosmetics, or to the butcher

First, the economy brought Eurasian civilizations together through the trading routes. When traveling through the Middle East, Africa and Asia, Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta states that “Some of the Chinese own large numbers of ships that they send to foreign countries. There are no people in the world wealthier than the Chinese.” (Ibn Battuta, and H. A. R. Gibbs.). China was a very wealthy civilization in this time and their trade with other lands allowed them to form relations with the lands that they traded with. Other countries would want to trade with China due to its known wealth. In “Traveling Salesmen, Traveling Taxmen”, Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topik describe the Indian Ocean trade and state that “since India was probably the world’s largest exporter from 1500–1700, the horse trade was a crucial link in world trade.” (Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topik). Most of the horses being traded were coming from India, which means that many merchants wanted to go to India so that they could get valuable horses. At this time, horses were very valuable because it was a way of transportation, so some people wanted to buy them. This brought people together by bringing them to one area to exchange commodities and it allowed access for a way of transportation to be able to trade in the future. The Department and the king of Ancient Ghana states that “In the eighth and ninth centuries, Arab merchants operating in southern Moroccan towns such as Sijilmasa bought gold from the Berbers, and financed more caravans.” (“Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas.”). These people were traveling to different

In addition, the Pima’s speak one type of language for example it would look like this “shap kaij”. The Pima’s had houses but they weren’t like the houses now. The houses they lived in was called wickiups which were made up of wooden frame covered with brush and dirt and they were round or cone-shaped. For their transportation they didn’t have any animals to ride. When the Europeans came they gave them horses.

The Indians were mobile and moved over the continent as the seasons changed. The author quoted from a European observer that, “They move … from one place to another according to the richness of the site and the season.” In the north, animals were hunted for food and clothing, the streams were used for fishing and transportation; roots were dug up for food in winter. In the south when food was more readily available during the spring and summer, land was cleared and gardens planted. Using the seasons as a guide in working the land or hunting animals for food provided a continuity of subsistence and variety of the types of food

Approximately 30,000 years ago.When the Sioux Indians would go hunting they would be nomadic which means they would pick a spot and stay there for a long time.Eventually they found buffalo and used them for food and used their skin for clothing.Then in the 1500’s hundreds the Spanish suggested them horses which helped the Sioux Indians with their transportation.

Life among the Eastern Woodland economy looks in the first painting very civilized. The Eastern Woodlands economy seems stable for the men making canoes. Their religion looks to be a dance ritual for their gods. As their diet seems to be made up of vegetables that they have grown, fish that they caught, and meat they have caught. The Eastern Woodland Indians wore cloth from animals they skinned, and wore as a skirt. Their values look to be protecting their village

The Indian Peoples of Eastern America:” Coming of Age” In James Axtell’s, “The Indian Peoples of Eastern America” Axtell uses sources to describes the cultural practices of the Indians and how they raise their child from the time of their birth until they become adults. In chapter two of Axtell's “The Indian Peoples of Eastern America”, it goes into greater detail about how the Indian culture raised their children. Axtell talks about what kind of punishments they used to help them with their behavior, the kind of games they played when they were young, what kind of cultural rituals did children go through to make them adult, what were the differences in how the child was raised in the lenses of boys and girls, and how the European

The Indians were also nomadic because of their beliefs. They believed that the land was provided by The Great Spirit for all living things to share. The Indians thought no one should ever live permanently in one place and no one had the right to claim land or own it.