Menarche And Menopause

a special gift of bearing, rearing children. The major concern in woman’s life is reproductive health and they need enormous attention. Menarche and menopause are the two important phases of the reproductive cycle. The menopause is a time in women’s life when the reproductive capacity ceases. In menopause, the post-menopausal stage is the time next to menopause and peri-menopausal is the stage during which menopausal changes occur (Pillitteri,1999). In early menopausal transition, estrogen levels

Pathogenesis It is known that cancer, in general, is a group of diseases that is characterized by the out-of-control growth and spread of a group of abnormal cells, which can often times result in death. More specifically, breast cancer is a hormonally dependent disease, which causes malignancy in the epithelial cells of the ducts and/or lobules of the breast (Lippman, 2012). Therefore, “women without functioning ovaries, who never receive estrogen-replacement therapy, do not develop breast cancer”

Mean age of menarche varies from population to population and is known to be a sensitive indicator of various characteristics of population. The normal range of ovulatory cycles is between 21 and 35 days. A woman on an average undergoes 400 menstrual cycle prior to menopause and the average menstrual cycles last for about 5 days. Duration of menstrual flow normally ranges from two to seven days

The risk of ovarian cancer are nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause,[5] hormone therapy after menopause, fertility medication, and obesity [16] About ten percent of cases are related to inherited genetic risk; women with mutations in the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2 have about a 50% chance of developing the disease. Combined oral

health is treated medically: menstruation is regularly described in negative terms, focusing upon the associated problems; the experience of pregnancy has become increasingly medicalized, with extensive testing, hospitalization, and surgery; and menopause is treated as a disease of aging, with hot flashes being described as an “estrogen

breast scales, distortion, redness tenderness, nipple retraction and ulceration, There may also be abnormal discharge. Risk factors for breast cancer Age: Breast cancer incidence increases with age, it doubles about every 10 years until the menopause, after which the rate of increase slows dramatically. Geographical factor: Incidence and mortality of breast cancer varies from

chimpanzees are controlled by life history. Their bodies decide when to provide energy for growth, repair, or reproduction. These decisions are most obvious in females who show the switch from growth to reproduction with menarche, and the end of the reproductive phase with menopause. Life history also involves looking at the time females take between the birth of each of their children and what happens after women stop reproducing. One way to get a good understanding of the long life history of chimpanzees

The female body is always growing and changing as a woman ages. From the time she is born to her reproductive system evolving, getting her first menstrual cycle and having to worry about getting sexually related dieses. A woman’s body is constantly adjusting and adapting as it grows. Through all the years of science most of the female body and how it works is still unknown today. The female body is a beautiful mystery. The female reproductive system consists of both external and internal genitals

than 10 million American women annually (CDC, 2015). This translates to menorrhagia affecting one of five women (CDC, 2015). Abnormal uterine bleeding can occur as a normal physiologic event, such as the irregular bleeding that often accompanies menarche or perimenopause (Schuiling & Likis, 2013). However, it can also signal pathologic, life-threatening conditions such as an ectopic pregnancy or endometrial cancer (Schuiling & Likis, 2013). Some women do not know about abnormal uterine bleeding

Patients with dense breast are at risk for developing breast cancer due to the fact dense breast contains more glandular and connective tissue. Patients who are exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation to the thorax, early menarche, tobacco use, nulliparity, late menopause, and first child birth after thirty years of age put the patient at risk for breast cancer (Ignatavicius, 2013, p.