1 Introduction Since the early 20th century, mergers began to play a great role in the development of modern corporations in different fields such as foods, construction, manufacture, natural resources and technology. A merger can be defined as the absorption of one firm by another (Ross, Westerfield and Jeffrey, 2002). The acquiring firm maintains its name and identity, and it obtains all the assets and liabilities of the target company. The acquired company no longer exists as an independent entity. While mergers could be categorized into three types: horizontal mergers, vertical mergers and conglomerate mergers. Horizontal merger means that a firm takes over another firm in the same industry and at the same stage of the production …show more content…
Other companies, however, merge in order to reduce the agency costs, which seem not for sound economic reasons. This essay is an attempt to argue that the majority of companies merge for sound economic reasons, whereas some might merge for other reasons. The rest of this essay is as follows. In order to show the importance of mergers to social economic development and corporate growth, section 2 will outline the development of merger activities and volume of corporate mergers in European and American market. Section 3 will focus on the sound economic reasons of three different types of mergers to discuss their important role in corporate mergers. Section 4 will introduce the concern of reducing the agency cost via mergers to display other possible motives for mergers and section 5 will conclude. 2 Development of merger activities The merger activities have presented upwards or downwards trends and created some specific merger waves. A series of merger waves has been witnessed to in numerous countries. For example, the merger waves of the US, with a worldwide economic impact, have been characterized by five major waves or periods of typical merger activities process (Drogalas et al, 2006). This essay now turns to outline the volume of mergers in American and European Market during the fifth merger wives, which are mainly led by global strategy of corporations in
In this chapter, we first provide coverage of expansion through corporate takeovers and an overview of the consolidation process. Then we present the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations followed by limited coverage of the purchase method and pooling of interests provided in a separate sections.
Mergers and acquisitions have become a growing trend for companies to inorganically grow a business within its particular industry. There are many goals that companies may be looking to achieve by doing this, but the main reason is to guarantee long-term and profitable growth for their business. Companies have to keep up with a rapidly increasing global market and increased competition. With the struggle for competitive advantage becoming stronger and stronger, it is almost essential to achieve these mergers. Through research I will attempt to dissect the best practices for achieving merger success.
A merger is a partial or total combination of two separate business firms and forming of a new one. There are predominantly two kinds of mergers: partial and complete. Partial merger usually involves the combination of joint ventures and inter-corporate stock purchases. Complete mergers are results in blending of identities and the creation of a single succeeding firm. (Hicks, 2012, p 491). Mergers in the healthcare sector, particularly horizontal hospital mergers wherein two or more hospitals merge into a single corporation, are increasing both in frequency and importance. (Gaughan, 2002). This paper is an attempt to study the impact of the merger of two competing healthcare organization and will also attempt to propose appropriate
The goals of mergers range from reducing the number of competitors, to access of new products (Belcourt et al., p 330). Statistics show that 80% of new product developments fail (Howells, 2011), partly due to challenges and conflicts with human resources functions. Mergers and acquisitions are the fastest way to enter new markets. “It is estimated that 1/3 of all mergers fail due to faulty integration of diverse operations and cultures,” (Chhinzer, 2013). Therefore, the success of a merger or acquisition lies in the ability to guide, motivate, retain, and effectively use
there are three sorts of mergers: horizontal mergers, vertical mergers and combined. A horizontal merger is an amalgamation between two firms possibly dynamic in similar market at similar level of activity e.g. between two insurance firms whnventory networkile a vertical merger includes firms working at various levels of chain of supply e.g. an insurance firm obtaining a
New companies entering the market, mergers, and globalization, on pricing and the sustainability of profits: Identify the type of merger activity in your
In the late nineteenth century, there was a sharp increasing in the number of mergers happening in the United States, peaking in 1899. Over 1,800 companies became a part of consolidations, many of which had a significant market share in their respective industries. Seventy-two of the consolidations controlled at least 40% of the market, as well as forty-two controlling at least 70% of the market. These consolidations had a lasting effect on the country, with a number of them being ranked among the nation’s largest 100 companies half a century later. Naomi Lamoreaux analyzes this merger movement, as well as its causes and effects in The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895-1904. There were many scholarly articles written both for
out why this merger came to fruition and the reasons it made strategic sense financially. Also, I evaluate
Horizontal Merger - One company acquires a competing company. After being carefully reviewed it may be deemed as anticompetitive.
The paper differs from others as it will provide insight and evaluation into which event during the merger process had the largest effect and identify whether this was the same for both firms, especially since the merger was undertaken in a tough regulatory environment which contains many “hurdles” (). The results of this paper could be attributed to other firms in the industry or, potentially, to other industries with similar regulatory structures.
In recent times, merger and acquisition are considered as one of the important steps for strategic growth. A company can plan to merge or acquire another company if it thinks it is a good investment, or they will earn a sound investment from it. The primary goal of any company entering into merger or acquisition is to boost the shareholder wealth. From a financial perspective, merger is carried due to diversification. It is the process of reducing the risks through investment decisions. For example, many a times, a company is highly at risk since it has done enormous investment in one industry then it can intend to buy a business in another industry (Sky Plc, 1990). This is termed as acquisition and can be beneficial for the host country.
Mergers of corporations take a lot of time, consideration, team work, and cohesiveness with team members and groups. Conflict and confrontations will surely arise, but it is up to those in management to learn how to deal with and make sure that everyone and everything operate effectively and orderly.
Nowadays mergers and acquisitions are regarded as a key strategic option for the organisations all over the world. According to Huang and Kleiner (2004) mergers and acquisitions have become the principal means by which companies have the opportunity to grow revenues due to factors such as gloabalisation, rapid technological changes, a long-term bull market and strategic barriers to growth. Porter and Singh (2010) admit that mergers and acquisitions play an important role in reallocation of resources in an economy. Despite the huge increase of corporate mergers and acquisitions during the last decades many surveys show that the majority of them fail (Nguyen and Kleiner 2003).The purpose of this essay is to give a brief overview of mergers
The research proposal which is going to be written will mainly revolve around the concept of mergers and acquisition in current situation. Research would mainly focus upon: How mergers and acquisitions take place? Why there is need to merge or acquire? What are the legal ways or step to do that? What parties are involved in mergers and acquisitions? What are the Factors to be considered before mergers and acquisition? In order to carry out whole research till the conclusion few models will be used such as business evaluation models which will comprise asset evaluation method, historical earning evaluation, future maintainable earnings evaluation, relative valuation and future discounted cash flows (DCF). The purpose of choosing the topic “mergers & acquisitions” is its significance in the industry of modern world now days. (Hansell, 2005)
While we know our country’s business history is filled with mergers and acquisitions over the decades, the reasons behind this M&A activity are less obvious. We should now address the real issue of why companies merge. 3