Messenger Protein Synthesis

Transcription is the formation of an RNA strand from a DNA template within the nucleus of a cell. There are four nucleotides of DNA. These are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. These nucleotides are transcribed to form messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) consisting of nucleotides made of adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil. This transcription from DNA to mRNA happens by an RNA polymerase II. This newly created mRNA is read in the 5' to 3' direction in sets of 3. These sets are called codons. Each mRNA also has a cap and end. On the 5 prime side is a methylated guanine triphosphate and on the 3 prime is a poly A tail. Messenger RNA then moves to the cells cytoplasm and through the cells ribosomes for translation. Messenger RNA is matched to molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosomes to create amino acids. These amino acids subsequently form an amino acid chain. (Osuri, 2003) A visual representation of this can been viewed in figure 3.

3) As a ribosome moves along the mRNA, the genetic message is translated into a protein with a specific amino acid sequence.

All codon codes are for an amino acid. when a codon is read, a corresponding amino acid is starting to be utilized . tRNA molecules holds two ends: one end has a binding site for particular amino acids and the other one has a specific sequence of nucleotides, the anticodon bases pair with codons.

Transcription is a process in which genetic information from DNA is encoded onto messenger RNA, by unwinding the DNA and splicing exons and introns and coding them onto the mRNA so the DNA itself is not used directly. Translation is a process by which ribosomes reads the mRNA to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein.

Proteins are biological macromolecules made from smaller building units called amino acids. There are 20 natural occurring amino acids which can combine in various ways to form a polypeptide. There are four distinctive levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. The primary structure of a protein is important in determining the final three dimensional structure and hence the role and function of a particular protein, both in the human body and in life around us. The secondary structure of a protein can fall into two major categories; α-helices or β-sheets, other variants also exist such as β-turns {{20 Brändén, Carl-Ivar, 1934- 1991}}. The precise folding or these secondary structures into a three dimensional shape is known as the tertiary structure of a protein and multiple polypeptides bound together via covalent and non-covalent bonds forms the complex quaternary structure of a protein.

Elongation is terminated by a stop codon. Stop codon do not code for any amino acid.

Has I was going to say the first one is translation. Translation is where I made a twin mRNA molecule in the nucleus of an eukaryotic from a DNA.There were four adventures I went on during translation. My adventures begins in the RNA enzyme combining the DNA and aparting the two nucleotide chain. After I went through that adventure, one nucleotide chain of the DNA works as a form for fixing them together into the mRNA. My third journey through this process was when

(Except that uracil replaces thymine). The nucleotides form sugar-phosphate bonds with each other and become an mRNA strand but they do not form bonds with the DNA strand. The sequence of three exposed bases on mRNA, that are complimentary to the base triplet on the DNA, are known as codons. Once the mRNA strand is complete it moves from the DNA in the nucleus, through the nuclearpore into the cytoplasm where it drapes itself over the ribosomes with their codons exposed. Floating in the cytoplasm are tRNA molecules which job is to pick up specific amino acids and transport them to where the mRNA is draped.

At the end of this unit, students will be able to use the terms DNA, RNA, protein, and nucleotide when it comes to protein synthesis. They will be able to explain how transcription and translation are processes of protein synthesis. They will be able to use genetic code table to translate an RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence. Students will be able to demonstrate their understanding of the Central Dogma. They will be able to describe the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication. They will be able to explain how a change in the DNA sequence code can alter protein function.

Bacteria like E. coli contain an operon, or a group of genes that have a promoter, which is transcribed as a single mRNA and is a good representation of this inducible system (KhanAcademy). When looking at

Translation is the process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mRNA transcript produced during transcription. AT first, the mRNA binds with a ribosome so that it can be decoded one codon at a time. Each codon codes for an amino acid is activated. A tRNA molecule has two ends: one that has a specific binding site for a particular sequence of nucleotides, an anticodon that can base pair with a codon. Appropriate tRNA molecules attach to, then carry the activated amino acid to the ribosome. Anticodons air with codons to bring the specific amino acid to the correct place. A second tRNA repeats this process and the first tRNA releases its amino to the second tRNA. The two amino acids form a peptide bond using the energy from ATP. The ribosome reads the next codon and then another tRNA comes along to repeat the process. As tRNA come and go, amino acids link together, forming more peptide bonds. Eventually, a polypeptide chain in synthesized and it undergoes its conformational changes to carry out its function as a protein. DNA Replication and protein synthesis are both similar and

The mRNA will first go to the cytoplasm and attach with ribosome. The ribosome will help mRNA to produce the chain of amino acids, which will produce the final product- luciferase enzyme. To produce

One of the fundamental discoveries of the 20th century was that DNA was the genetic code’s physical structure (Watson & Crick, 1953) and, since then, many studies have disclosed the complicated pattern of regulation and expression of genes, which involve RNA synthesis and its subsequent translation into proteins.

Finally, all the nucleotides are joined to form a complete polynucleotide chain using DNA polymerase. The two new DNA molecules form double helices.

Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes. To start off, a protein is made in a ribosome. There are many cellular mechanisms involved with protein synthesis. Before the process of protein synthesis can be described, a person must know what proteins are made out of. There are four basic levels of protein organization. The first is primary structure, followed by secondary structure, then tertiary structure, and the last level is quaternary structure. Once someone understands the makeup of a protein, they can then begin to learn how elements can combine and go from genes to protein. There are two main processes that occur during protein synthesis, or peptide formation. One is transcription and