Miscarriage: A Case Study

Depression during pregnancy impacts the emotional well-being between a mother and child, resulting in a lost connection between the two. It has been suggested that a lesser maternal attachment can be correlated with depression. Women lacking emotion in their relationships often suffer from depression (Haedt, A., & Keel, P., 2007). The deficit of an interpersonal maternal relationship can be linked back to the mother’s onset of depression during pregnancy. Symptoms of depression are known psychological factors that may contribute to higher rates of negative birth outcomes in women (Giurgescu, C., Engeland, C. G., & Templin, T. N. ,2015). This lack of emotion between a mother and her child can have ultimately negative effects on the child’s attachment and emotional well-being. Just as women with postpartum depression, it is difficult for women with depression during pregnancy to feel close to their offspring, which could lead to emotional or physical

Historically perinatal loss such as stillborn is rarely a topic of discussion. (Avelin, Erlandsson, Hildingsson, & Rådestad, 2011). Stillborn loss was not viewed as an problem, and was expected for mothers to forget about the baby, and have another one, while siblings were told to forget about the baby and not talk about the loss (Avelin et al., 2011). Perinatal loss responses can be vary widely as it covers variety of loss from pregnancy to birth within a few weeks, but most often it is an unexpected loss for many families who typically do not know what to do, what to expect and how to handle grief (O’leary & Warland, 2013). Furthermore, there is very little information on Stillbirth experiences especially about men who lose their child(Bonnette & Broom, 2012). Experiencing the loss of a child can be very difficult and often complicate grief which can affect parents social well being (Kersting & Wagner, 2012). In pregnancies that follows a loss such as perinatal loss, it has been found that parents experience high levels of psychological distress, anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress. (O’leary & Warland, 2013; Kersting & Wagner, 2012)

In the overarching state of humanity, few topics are as important to the long term societal standpoint as abortion. Even more important and contested is the controversial subject of whether or not a woman will endure long term psychological effects or disorders after said abortion. This subject has been highly debated, with valid points made by both sides. It is important that we all look into these repercussions, especially since approximately 33% of women will undergo an abortion by the time they reach forty-five years old. This often challenged subject has many aspects. The main ideas that I researched where whether or not having an abortion leads to a higher risk for mental health issues, whether or not “post-abortion syndrome” is a

Nearly 81% of women who receive abortions experience subsequent mental health problems according to a recently published study by The Royal College of Psychiatrists. The study demonstrates that the aftermath of an abortion can result in higher rates of anxiety, depression, various forms of substance abuse, and suicidal behavior. As a result of the study, it shows that women who have an abortion face almost double the risk of mental health problems as women who have their baby. This outcome is due to the fact that most women who are terminating pregnancies “may feel a greater sense of loss, anxiety and distress due to lack of support”, as summarized in the Guttmacher Institute, a non-profit reproductive health organization. In fact, a five-year study shows that 25% of

“Postpartum depression affects 10% to 20% of women after delivery, regardless of maternal age, race, parity, socioeconomic status, or level of education”.( Consise) Postpartum depression is a major depression episode that occurs after childbirth affecting not only the mother but also the child and family members. After the delivery of the placenta extending for about six weeks this is considered as as the postpartum period. This a critical period for the mother and new born physiological and psychological because the woman’s body is returning to a non-pregnant state in which hormones, sleep parttters, emotions and relationship are changing. Therefore, up to 80% of mothers experience the "baby blues during the first week in which

By definition, the Tenth Amendment gives much more power to the states. This Amendment states that any powers delegated directly to the national government in the Constitution belong solely to the national government. Meanwhile, any powers not specifically given to the national government are given to the state governments, regardless of if the powers were specifically given to the states or not. These powers are called unenumerated, or not listed, powers. This Amendment gives more power to the state governments, and therefore ensures that the national government can overtake all of the power. In federalism, power is shared between the national and state levels of government, which the Tenth Amendment lends greatly to by separating

Post partum depression can begin two weeks to couple months after delivery for a woman. It is also referred to as “the baby blues,” a feeling of stress, sadness, anxiety, loneness, and tiredness following the child’s birth (American Psychological Association [APA], 2016). As critical as it could be for the mother, post partum depression has long term consequences on the development of the child. It does not only impact the mother in providing care for the newborn, it also has numerous impacts on the families, and the larger community. APA (2016) suggested that up to 1 in 7 women experiences postpartum depression and that it can affect any woman, regardless of their marital status, first-time mothers or mothers with one or more children, easy or problem pregnancies, income, age, race or ethnicity, culture or education. Its impact may affect both the child development, and the mother interaction in respect to the child development. The whole family system is affected with perinatal loss. Many children experience unresolved grief which can be seen later on in adulthood. According to the article “siblings in families bereaved as a result of perinatal loss suffer in two ways: they mourn the loss of their expected sibling and they mourn the loss of the parents as they knew prior to the loss”. The loss of a child can be so overwhelming that parents forget about their child’s grief. This type of grief is known as the incipient grief; grief that is not

investigating the mental health status of women following a pregnancy or infant loss are still

Miscarriage is one of the most recurrent issues faced by women during pregnancy. Seventeen to twenty-two percent of pregnancies end in a miscarriage. This number is only growing larger due to older women having babies and women practicing unhealthy life choices during their pregnancy. Many studies and doctors would argue that the cause of miscarriage cannot be pinpointed down to one single problem. However, recent studies show that there are certain risky lifestyles that can increase a woman’s risk of having a miscarriage. Women who smoke during pregnancy or have a spouse who smokes, increase their risk of experiencing a miscarriage. Smoking can cause chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo during pregnancy. Miscarriages can be caused by chromosomal abnormalities therefore, smoking increases a woman’s chance of experiencing a miscarriage.

Ans.1) Postnatal depression is a clinical practice term describes the signs and symptoms which women may experience after childbirth. It effects majority of females but 4-25% of new fathers also affected by depression. Postnatal depression (PND) has a major impact on maternal physical and mental health. It affects around 12 to15% of all childbearing women in Australia. The prevalence may vary 3% to 30% depends assessment time. There are about 250,000 births each year in Australia, from which at least 25,000 to 50,000 women are likely to be affected by PND every year (Yelland, Sutherland, & Brown,2010).In 40% to 70% cases, the onset of postnatal depression arise in first 3 months. It often persist for many months. 25% to 60%of cases remit

Post-partum depression or PPD can be experienced by not only the new mother but the partner and new born as well. However given the high rate in which it affects the partner, the availability of resources that can be used to resolve PPD is very low. There is also a substantial lack of knowledge about PPD and its effects of the new father; this lack of information often leads to negative stigmas and judgment. Although the notion that Fathers can experience PPD is new and often accepted by medical professionals, the complexities of PPD that are presented in our society are the lack of information and resources given to the new fathers who suffer from PPD.

Various studies have been conducted to show the psychological effects following an abortion. According to the results some women experience depression and anxiety. These psychological effects reflect on several factors. Abortion may relieve stress by ending an unwanted pregnancy, but the event itself may simultaneously be experienced as a stressor causing anxiety grief, guilt, despair and anger. These factors could lead to depression, as feelings of powerless, anger and self-condemnation are emotions that underlie depression. Controversies exist whether abortion is linked with mental health or not. Future research requires a better understanding of the conditions that lead to unwanted pregnancy and abortion with the ultimate goal of improving women’s lives and well being.

Experiencing a miscarriage can be a very painful and frustrating time for a man and a woman, especially if this is their first time to have an offspring and they have already seen the scan of their baby. This could be a difficult time and some would not want to try anytime soon because of the fear of losing once again.

Pregnancy is meant to be an exciting happy time; not only for the mother, but for the whole family and friends. So, when a woman miscarries, the psychological impact/ trauma is unbearable and very devastating. The experience and feeling of loss, grief, guilt, and shame caused by a miscarriage can take a toll on everyone. These feelings can also turn into a major depression in some women and possible questions of what could have I done differently, or feeling like you had a hand it in can start to surface.

According to London et al. (2014), stillbirth is defined as the “death of a fetus or infant from the time of conception through the end of the newborn period 28 days after birth” (p. 481). In 2011, in the country of Taiwan, there were a total of 2,321 stillborn births and it was reported that 60% of the women who experienced this loss suffered from severe postpartum depression within 4 years (Tseng, Chen, & Wang, 2014, p. 219). Although it is known that the mothers of these infants suffer with traumatic stress, follow-ups after stillbirths are rare and there is no community support groups available. There is not much information available on the experience of Taiwanese women who experience a stillbirth nor is there information about the steps taken by these women to recover from their loss. Thus, this study seeks to understand the experiences of these Taiwanese women who have experienced the loss of an infant and how they cope within their society (Tseng et al., 2014, p. 219).