Mr. Euglena is trapped in a crowded area and must be able to travel to a less crowded area to live. The biological processes of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration allow him to do this. Because of these two processes, energy is given to the kinetosome, which then allows the flagellum of Mr. Euglena to move him to a less crowded area. Mr. Euglena is aware that he must move to less crowded area in order to live. However, he waits patiently for the sun to gradually move higher in the sky. He believes that if he waits for enough sunlight, the process of photosynthesis will occur in his chloroplasts to make molecules of glucose. This is the beginning of the process of photosynthesis, which is the production of glucose in the chloroplasts …show more content…
The dark reaction is the second phase of photosynthesis that only requires two light reactions; therefore, it may happen all the time if there were two light reactions for every dark reaction. This process of photosynthesis requires six carbon dioxide molecules (6 CO2). These six carbon dioxide molecules (6 CO2) then go through enzymatic reactions which separates the molecules into six carbon atoms (6 C) and twelve oxygen atoms (12 O). Now the 12 NADPH2 (24 H) are added into the dark reaction. The six carbon atoms (6 C), twelve oxygen atoms (12 O), and twenty-four hydrogen atoms (24 H) then go through the Calvin Cycle which reorganizes these atoms into a product of a glucose molecule (C6H12O6) and a byproduct of six water molecules (6 H2O). This glucose molecule then becomes the key ingredient for Mr. Euglena’s aerobic respiration, the process where glucose is broken down into molecules of ATP in the presence of oxygen. A molecule of ATP is ADP having a high energy bond with phosphate (P). When this bond is broken, it releases energy in order for the cell to carry out life functions. The glucose molecule produced by the dark reaction of photosynthesis makes its way to the cristae on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In the cristae, the process of aerobic respiration occurs. There are three steps in aerobic respiration: glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle), and the cytochrome chain (electron transport system). The first step is glycolysis. Glycolysis
In contrast, there are four metabolic stages happened in cellular respiration, which are the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, in which catabolism is begun by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP are produced too. Some of they either enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) or the electron transport chain, or go into lactic acid cycle if there is not enough oxygen, which produces lactic acid. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produced some more ATPs and other molecules called NADPH and FADPH. After this, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain through
The Cellular respiration and photosynthesis form a critical cycle of energy and matter that supports the continued existence of life on earth. Describe the stages of cellular respiration and photosynthesis and their interaction and interdependence including raw materials, products, and amount of ATP or glucose produced during each phase. How is each linked to specific organelles within the eukaryotic cell? What has been the importance and significance of these processes and their cyclic interaction to the evolution and diversity of life?
There are two types of cellular respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs when there is oxygen present and in the mitochondria (in eukaryotic cells) and the cytoplasm (in prokaryotic cells). Aerobic respiration requires oxygen; it proceeds through the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle is a cycle of producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to thirty-four ATPs. Anaerobic respiration is known as a process called fermentation. It occurs in the cytoplasm and molecules do not enter the mitochondria for further breakdown. This process helps to produce alcohol in yeast and plants, and lactate in animals. Only two ATPs are produced through this process. In yeast fermentation is used to make beer, wine, and whiskey.
All organisms need to exchange particles such as food, waste, gas and heat with their surroundings. there are two different types of ways in which substances can enter or/and leave a cell. these ways are called Passive and Active. with in these there are different processes for example, in passive process there are diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis and in the active process there is molecule and particle. in this assignment I am going to discuss all of these processes starting with diffusion.
Photosynthesis is the process in which plants consumed inorganic materials like solar light, carbon dioxide and water and converted it to an organic molecule like sugar and an inorganic gas like oxygen. Light is one of the major elements influencing the rate of photosynthesis; direct light concentration affects the noncyclic pathway (light
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms ' activities. Plants need photosynthesis to survive. The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ? C6H12O6 + 6 O2. In English terms, this equation translates to six carbon dioxide plus six
1. Understand the importance of diffusion to cellular metabolism and the how it constraints the evolution of cell/body size and shape
Aerobic respiration happens only when oxygen is presented in the cell. Aerobic respiration starts with pyruvate crossing into the mitochondria. When it passes through, a Coenzyme A will attach to it producing Acetyl CoA, CO2, and NADH. Acetyl CoA will enter into the Krebs cycle. In the Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA will bound with Oxaloacetic Acid (OAA), a four carbon molecule, producing the six carbon molecule, Citric Acid. Citric Acid will reorganize into Isocitrate. This will lose a CO2 and make a NADH turning itself into alpha ketoglutarate, a five carbon molecule. Alpha ketoglutarate will turn into an unstable four carbon molecule, which attaches to CoA making succinyl CoA. During that process a CO2 and NADH is made. An ATP is made when CoA leaves and creates Succinate. This molecule is turned into Fumarate, creating two FADH2 in the process. Then Fumarate is turned into Malate then into OAA making two NADH. Only two ATP is produced in Krebs cycle but the resulting NADHs and FADH2s are passed through an electron transport chain and ATP synthase. When the molecules passes through that cycle a total of 28 ATP molecules are produced. In all aerobic respiration produces 32 ATP and waste products of H2O and
The rate of photosynthesis can be determined different ways. Because oxygen is a product of photosynthesis and the Elodea plant is submerged in water, the oxygen is released in bubbles that rise to the surface of the water in the beaker. In this experiment, the rate of photosynthesis for each degree of light intensity can be measured by counting the number of bubbles released every 30 seconds for five minutes at each distance. The rate is the number of bubbles released per minute.
In this experiment the process of osmosis is being observed and the different conditions in which osmosis occurs. In the egg osmosis experiment kinetic energy is used making this process a passive transport ‘in passive processes concentration or pressure differences drive the movement (Marieb,Smith, 2007)’ since ATP is not required which is called facilitated diffusion.
Cell respiration is the process by which cells withdraw or get energy from glucose, this happens in the mitochondria. There are two types of cell respiration, anaerobic respiration and Aerobic respiration. Anaerobic is a chemical reaction that does not need oxygen. Aerobic is a chemical action that does require oxygen. There are three steps of cellular respiration, glycolysis (anaerobic part), Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain (aerobic parts).
Cellular respiration is a procedure that most living life forms experience to make and get chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The energy is synthesized in three separate phases of cellular respiration: glycolysis, citrus extract cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are both anaerobic pathways because they do not bother with oxygen to form energy. The electron transport chain however, is aerobic due to its use of oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is the procedure in which ATP particles are created with the help of oxygen atoms (Campbell, 2009, p. 93). During which, organic food molecules are oxidized to synthesize ATP used to drive the metabolic reactions necessary to maintain the organism’s physical integrity and to support all its activities (Campbell, 2009, pp. 102-103).
Life on Earth is dependent entirely on the energy from the Sun, not only to keep the planet at a suitable temperature but also to provide the energy required to sustain life. The energy of the Sun, in the form of photons, is actively captured by chlorophyll and related pigments present in photosynthetic organisms, like plants and algae. This captured energy is used to convert carbon dioxide into complex energy-rich molecules that can be used by themselves
pyruvate (3 carbon sugar), 2 NADH and 4 ATP (2 net) per molecule of glucose. During
In photosynthesis, the dark reactions are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions unlike light-dependent reactions do not need light to occur. These reactions take the products of the light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on