Mr. Hightower's Blood Pressure: A Case Study

Hypertension is a developing problem worldwide associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In 2020, the world population will be approximately 7.8 billion people, and there will be 1 billon people who may be affected by hypertension (Tomson & Lip, 2005). One in three adults in the United States has high blood pressure. According to the report “Health, United States, 2010 with Special Feature on Death and Dying,” the prevalence of hypertension among adults 20 years old or older increased from 24% to 32% during 1988-1994 and 2005-2008. The African-American population has a higher prevalence of this health condition than white Americans do. In 2005 to 2008, the prevalence of hypertension among black males (41.4%) was more than 10%,

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines High Blood Pressure as the force of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries, which carry blood from your heart to other parts of your body. Blood pressure normally rises and falls throughout the day. But if it stays high for a long time, it can damage your heart and lead to health problems. High blood pressure raises your risk for heart disease and stroke, which are leading causes of death in the United States. One out of every three adults over the age of twenty- that’s nearly eighty million Americans have high blood pressure. What’s more interesting is that nearly twenty percent don’t even know they don’t have it. Consequently, African American suffer more from this disease than any other race. According to the American Heart Association, forty percent of African American men and women have high blood pressure (AHA, 2016). Notably, adults twenty years and older consist of 42.6 percent are men and 47.0 percent are women that have this illness. For years’ researchers, have tried to understand why High Blood Pressure affect the African American at a higher rate than others. As a

Hypertension is one degenerative disease that is prevalent among African Americans. African Americans are also known to be affected to this more than the American majority. First of all, Hypertension, which is also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition in which the force of blood pumping through the arteries is too strong (Eisenberg, 2012). The heart is the organ in your body that pushes out blood to the arteries, and if it is too hard, the blood pressure will rise (Eisenberg, 2012). Approximately 40% of African Americans in the United States are known to have high blood pressure (High Blood Pressure and African Americans, 2014). These statistics shows that almost half of the total population is dealing with this condition.

Hypertension (HTN), also referred to as high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by elevated systemic arterial blood pressure. An elevated blood pressure is considered to be a systolic pressure of at least 140 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or a diastolic pressure of at least 90 mmHg. HTN is among the most common risk factors for heart disease among African Americans (Ferdinanc, 2006) and one of the leading causes of deaths in the United States. Spencer et.al., (2011) states that it is one of the leading indicators that contribute to heart disease, the leading cause of death in Baltimore City. Sickness and death from heart disease are much more likely to strike African Americans than Whites in Baltimore (DHMH, 2005). Spencer continues that in Baltimore City hospitalization percentage for 100,000 populations under 75 years old was 136.6 for Blacks and 15 for Whites.

The number of people living with hypertension (high blood pressure) is predicted to be 1.56 billion worldwide by the year 2025. In the US, around 75 million people have hypertension, with more people dying of hypertension-related cardiovascular disease than from the next three deadliest diseases combined. In 2011-2012 in the US, about a third of all people over the age of 20 years had

My mother, Nanci, my uncle, Mike, and my aunt Kim have all been diagnosed with hypertension. Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure is the most common cardiovascular disease and leads to over 326,000 deaths in the United States every year (Adams & Urban, 2013). Hypertension is consistent increased systemic arterial blood pressure, and can be divided into two categories, primary and secondary. Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, and according to Adams and Urban is responsible for almost 90% of all cases of diagnosed hypertension (Adams & Urban, 2013). Secondary hypertension on the other hand is related to an underlying disease process or condition, such as hyperthyroidism or the use of corticosteroids. Hypertension can systemic issue, which means that the blood pressure of the entire body is affected, or it can be a localized issue where only certain tissues are affected, such as the liver. Hypertension is usually an asymptomatic issue, however, when symptoms do appear, they have been caused by the long-term existence of the disorder, over years or decades. Over time, the elevation of the blood pressure begins to wear on the arteries and the organs of

While the exact origin of this disease is unknown, medical research claims there are predisposing factors that make an individual more prone to becoming hypertensive. The prevalence of high blood pressure differs by race/ethnicity, with the condition being more common among blacks, comprising 40.4% of known cases (MMWR, 2013). There are certainly other personal contributing factors that helped with the progression of the disease. Vicki is an African American woman in her early forties, and lives a very busy lifestyle which requires her to travel quite frequently. From this we know that she has an abnormally sedentary routine which promotes vascular insufficiencies. Lacking substantial physical activity permits the vessels to constrict over time. With more resistance in the arteries, her heart cannot pump resourcefully and blood flow is slowly

American Heart Association quotes that Hypertension is an important public-health challenge worldwide. Importance should be focused on its detection, treatment control and prevention. The infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis which once were the reasons for leading the causes of deaths have been replaced by non –infectious diseases which are mostly the NCD’s such as diabetes, heart diseases, and other vascular conditions. Hypertension is an important worldwide public-health challenge because of its high frequency and concomitant risks of cardiovascular and kidney disease [78][79]. Heart attacks and strokes are major–but preventable–killers worldwide. More than 80% of cardiovascular disease related deaths take place in low-and

life or death. Knowing the chances and the odds is important so we can become aware and

This paper implements the indicators and determinants of high blood pressure in men. Many studies have measure the effect of Hypertension among men of different ethnical and socio-economic backgrounds. Socioeconomic is one major determinant which influences high blood pressure in men. High blood pressure is a major illness in the human population, especially among men. High blood is normally called a “silent killer” due to the fact that there little to no symptoms. Fifty to fifty-eight million people suffer from hypertension with the increasing population being African Americans (John, n.d.).

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is steadily elevated.

Shock is common manifestation of EVD severity and possible lethal pathway45. This state require aggressive volume resuscitation and, when caused severe blood loss, transfusion of blood (from regular donors or convalescent patients) , blood products (whole blood, packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets) and various blood derived regulators of coagulation ( clotting factors, fibrinogen, prothrombin, proconvertin, anti-hemophilic globulin B). If needed, vasopressors such as dopamine or nor-epinephrine should administered to maintain blood pressure.

Hypertension, (HTN) also known as high blood pressure is defined as an elevated arterial blood pressure, with a reading more than 140/90. Once develops, it usually lasts for life. It can be treated and controlled very well. It is now known that African Americans develop HTN earlier in life and it is more severe at any decade of life than other ethnic groups. They are 3 -5 times as likely as whites to have renal complications and end-stage kidney disease. Because of the frequency of the disease, a program for screening potential HTN individuals was launched in 1972 by a special committee under, The Department of Health Education and Welfare. Epidemics: A disease or condition which is highly prevalent in a community. The high prevalence of hypertension (HTN) in my community is currently being driven by the increased age of the population and of obesity. There is a need to come together to stop the progression of this disease that is taking over our community. Essential hypertension (HTN) usually begins as a labile (unstable) intermittent process in the late 30’s to early 50’s and gradually becomes “fixed”. When the cause of hypertension is unknown it is called, primary hypertension or essential hypertension. Ninety five percent (95%) of patients with HTN have primary HTN. Going through my community there are many stroke and heart attack victims who are on disability. Their conditions occur simply because they were hypertensive. Broward Community Health Center has spent

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of worldwide mortality and morbidity and accounted 30% of deaths around the world in 2003 (Vacek et al., 2011). Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic that has a strong association with age and life patterns (Wuerzner, Burnier & Waeber, 2012). Hypertension has been considered as a major risk factor of myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, chronic kidney disease, mental health issues and early death (Vacek et al., 2011; Wuerzner, Burnier & Waeber, 2012). If the systolic pressure reaches to 140mm Hg or higher and diastolic pressure climbs up to 90 mm Hg, this condition can be termed as hypertension (Torpy, Lymn & Glass, 2010, p. 2098).

Approximately one in every three adult’s ages 20 years old and older are diagnosed with high blood pressure or hypertension. Hypertension affects 78 million people in the United States and is equally prevalent in both men and woman (Crabtree et al., 2013). Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Hajjar & Kotchen, 2003). It can lead to stroke, myocardial infarction, renal failure, heart failure, neurological issues, and death if not detected early and not treated properly (James, Oparil, Carter, & et al., 2014). Approximately 9.4 million deaths in 2010 were attributed to high blood pressure (Angell, De Cock, & Frieden, 2015). About 54% of strokes, 47% of coronary heart disease, and 25 % of other cardiovascular diseases are attributed to high blood pressure (Arima, Barzi, & Chalmers, 2011).