Multiple Sclerosis And Guillain Barre Syndrome

One important thing to know about multiple sclerosis is that there are many different types. There are four, vaguely defined, types of MS: Relapsing- remitting, Primary-progressive, Secondary-progressive, and Progressive- relapsing (Dangond). Relapsing-remitting MS, most common, is when patients experience a series of attacks followed by the disappearance of symptoms. So, in this type, multiple sclerosis attacks and then goes in to remission until another attack occurs. Its alternates back and forth. Primary-progressive MS is when there is a continuous decline in a person’s physical abilities. Secondary-progressive is when relapses are rare but the patient accumulates more disability (Dangond). Lastly, we have progressive-relapsing which is the more complex type. It is very similar to primary-progressive MS but it includes small periods where the symptoms and disease become worse (Blackstone).

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurologic disease that affects the Central Nervous System (CNS) through cellular immune response and the demyelination of CNS white matter (McCance et al., 2014, pp. 630–633). The initial causes of MS are unknown however, it is believed that it could possibly be due to an immune response to an initiating infection or an autoimmune response to CNS antigens on the myelin itself (Brück, 2005) (Miljković and Spasojević, 2013). MS is a result of the degradation of the myelin sheath surrounding neurons and therefore disrupts the transmission of action potentials along these cells. MS can display itself in the form of symptoms ranging from muscle weakness to trouble with sensation and coordination (NHS, 2016). The degradation of myelin leads the body to attempt to remyelinate the neurons, a process that in turn leads to the thickening of the cell by glial cells and this causes lesions to form (Chari, 2007). It is this thickening (sclerae) from which the disease gets its name. Sufferers of MS can either have a relapsing type of MS, in which there are episodes that lead to the worsening of symptoms for a period of time, or a progressive type of MS where symptoms gradually progress and worsen (McCance et al., 2014, pp. 630–633).

There are three different versions of multiple sclerosis (“What is MS?”). The least severe being relapsing-remitting; this occurs when a person has an attack and then there are no further

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage in the brain and spinal cord with a loss of myelin that covers the axons. As the myelin sheath regenerates, scar tissue forms, which looks like plaques on magnetic resonance imaging scans. Multiple sclerosis arises when immune-mediated inflammation activates T cells and causes the T cells and immune mediators to cross the blood-brain barriers into the CNS and attack oligodendrocytes (ie, a type of neuroglial cell with dendritic projections that coil around axons of neural cells). When the oligodendrocytes are attacked, the myelin sheath is replaced by scar tissue, which forms throughout the CNS. As a result of damage to the myelin sheath, the ability to transmit and conduct nerve impulses along the spinal cord and in the brain is interrupted, leading to muscle weakness, fatigue, loss of coordination, balance impairment, and cognitive and visual disturbance (DeLuca & Nocentini, 2011). This disease is characterized by unpredictable remissions that occur over several years. During periods of remission, the myelin sheath usually regenerates and symptoms may resolve, but the myelin cannot be completely repaired. As the disease progresses, the myelin sheath is destroyed and nerve impulses become much slower or absent and symptoms worsen. When degeneration exceeds self-repair ability, permanent disability results. There are four defined clinical types of

Multiple sclerosis is an unpredictable, crippling neurological disease of the central nervous system, which affects the flow of information within the brain, and between the brain and body. The name is this disease refers to multiple areas of scarring throughout the brain and spinal cord. This scarring is a result of what happens when the body attacks itself. A substance called Myelin surrounds the nerves to help protect them (Healthline.com, 2015). Multiple Sclerosis is thought to occur in a genetically susceptible individual (although there is no evidence to show that the disease is directly inherited) influenced one or more environmental factors. MS is thought to be an autoimmune disease, however others disagree as the target of the immune

The first and most common type of MS is Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). This type of MS is characterized by periods of damaging relapses followed by extending periods of remission without symptoms. It is believed that the relapses are caused by acute inflammation that appears randomly. Most individuals who are diagnosed with RRMS transition to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) as their symptoms worsen from recurrent relapses. SPMS is described as the progressive decline in neurological function that may or may not have periods of remission. A less common form of this disease is primary-progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). Individuals with PPMS suffer from continual progression of disability without any periods of remission. This is caused by the gradual degeneration of neurons as opposed to continual periods of acute inflammation. This type of MS is rare, only affecting around 10% of those diagnosed with the disease. The rarest form of MS is progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS). This type of MS is the most debilitating form of the disease. Individuals suffer from a steady decline in neurological function from continual acute attacks of inflammation. In this form of MS, there are no periods of remission and disability worsens, often without any recovery (Waxman,

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The four main types of Multiple Sclerosis are Relapsing-remitting MS, Secondary Progressive MS, Primary Progressive MS, and Progressive Relapsing MS. “Symptoms occur in any area served by the myelinated nerves of the central white matter of the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord” (Murray, 2005). Symptoms include: weakness or sensory changes in the limbs (legs); unsteadiness; difficulty with bladder control; visual changes; vertigo; facial numbness or weakness; or double vision (Murray, 2005). Because different areas of the brain and spinal cord are responsible for different kinds of movements and sensations, the neurologic deficit that results from an area of scarring depends on the exact location of the abnormality (Schapiro, 2007). These abnormalities Schapiro (2007) means are lesions in any part of the Central Nervous System. These symptoms and harshness of the symptoms all vary depending on where that damage in the Central Nervous System has occurred. No case of Multiple Sclerosis is exactly alike from patient to patient and because of that, symptoms vary considerably.

Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease that attacks a person Central Nervous System which includes the spinal cord, brain and optic nerves. MS is a very difficult condition to diagnose due to its exacerbations. It also is difficult to treat because no one person has the same signs and symptoms. In MS the myelin sheath that protects the CNS becomes inflamed and scarred that end up causing lesions.. The lesions cause interruption in the messages to the nerves. MS can happen at any age but mostly found in ages 15-60 and are twice as likely in women. Currently there is no known cure for MS , researchers are working tirelessly to find one.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system, brain, and spinal cord. There are four types of disease courses linked to the genetic disorder MS. Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), primary-progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), and progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS) are the four disease courses of MS. MS is an autoimmune disease, where the body's own defense mechanism attacks itself. In MS, the immune system attacks the myelin sheath, which is a material that protects the nerve cells, and causes it to slow down or block signals between the body and brain. These blockages may lead to to the symptoms of MS, which are usually problems with

The purpose of the radiological test is to diagnose accurately and efficiently of the neurological pathology including Guillain- Barre Syndrome (GBS). Performing diagnostic imaging is essential to health care professionals because consulting a patient regarding their medical history and other present health problems and thorough physical examination is not adequate to confirm a patient's particular neurological condition (McKinnis, 2014). Furthermore due to advanced medical technologies, it is essential that the physiotherapist should improve their education in the field of neurological imaging to provide an extensive history, clinical examination and interpretations (McKinnis, 2014). Therefore, as a clinician having the knowledge and expertise with neuro-musculoskeletal imaging promotes a routine interaction with patients by educating accurate information regarding the disease and for providing an optimal patient care.

A 21 years old man with multiple sclerosis (MS) is admitted. The interdisciplinary team feels he may need a feeding tube for nutritional purpose. They ask the patient about this in the morning and he agrees. However, before the tube has been placed in the evening, the patient becomes disoriented and seems puzzled about his verdict to have the feeding tube placed. He tells the team he doesn't want it in. The team goes back to the question in the morning when the patient is again coherent. Incapable of recollection of his feelings from the previous evening, the patient again reach a decision to proceed with the procedure.

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), an acquired autoimmune mediated polyneuropathy, is classically characterized by an acute, non-febrile, post-infectious illness which usually manifest as symmetrical ascending weakness and areflexia with and without paresthesias.1, 2 However, sometimes sensory, autonomic, and brainstem abnormalities may be seen. The annual incidence of GBS estimated to be 0.3 – 1.3 cases per 100,000 per year in children.3

In the past, steroid hormones were used as a treatment, but was not effective (Heller & DeJong, 1963). The etiology of this syndrome is unknown; however, it is speculated that autoantibodies for ganglioside or myelin proteins (Gabriel et al., 2000; Linington et al., 1992). Usually, GBS occurs after an infection of Campylobacter jejuni or flaviviruses (Winer, 2001). The main diagnostic symptoms are motor and sensory weakness (Asbury & Cornblath, 1990). These symptoms vary ion severity and location depending on the subtype of GBS (Vedanaryanan & Chaudhry, 2000). The most common subtype observed in the United States is acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (Vedanaryanan & Chaudhry, 2000). The first time GBS was documented was in 1859 (Kusunoki, 2016). Future studies discover other infections that may cause GBS and determine if vaccines can an agent of GBS. In conclusion, Guillian-Barré syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder of particular interest for neuroscientists and

RRMS and PPMS differ drastically in a patient's point of view. The difference between the two is RRMS will most likely transfer to the next harmful MS but PPMS will worsen faster than RRMS, patients with RRMS tend to have MS in their 20’s and 30’s where as PPMS is in their 30’s. The symptoms for PPMS are trouble with speech and swallowing, weakness, stiff legs, fatigue and pain, bowel problems. It is hard to diagnose PPMS because this disease affects everyone differently. The third is secondary-progressive MS which 90% of patients with RRMS will transition to SPM within 25 years. Some medications actually trigger MS to transition to a worse stage of MS but it’s difficult for experts to know if it’s harming the patients or improving their health. SPM occurs either effected the person from the last relapse they had or the disease is worsening rapidly but no longer having inflammatory relapses. To help clarify what stage and how bad the disease is affecting someone a vary of scans and examinations are done to help determine which transition someone is in. The next transition is progressive-relapsing MS which 5 percent of patients have this type of relapsing disease. This disease comes after primary-progressive Ms also known as worsening symptoms over a short time period. PRMS is different than the