Musculoskeletal Disorders ( Msds )

Back and Neck Injuries - Injuries in the neck and back can be very painful and may often require a surgery to fix the issue. Even with injury an individual may experience lasting pain, numbness or loss of some functions. Common neck and back injuries suffered at work include broken vertebrae, herniated discs, spinal cord injuries, or whiplash (due to some kind of impact).

Research shows that lower back pain is the most frequent cause of activity limitation among people aged less than 45 years old (Cole and Grimshaw 174). Research also shows that lower back pain is the third most frequent cause of activity limitation behind arthritis and coronary heart disease for people older than 45 years old (Cole and Grimshaw 174). .

Nurses and transportation workers were highlighted as occupations at high risk of having non-fatal occupational injuries by BLS. NHIS survey was used to determine the prevalence of MSD among these two populations relative to all other occupations. The main findings of the study revealed that low back pain was more prevalent among nurses and transportation workers compared to other occupations. Data collected by BLS regarding MSD and lost workdays was examined to further study the relationship between the two variables. Both BLS data and literature review indicate that although nurses are more prone to develop MSD compared to other occupations, they are less likely to miss work even when compared to high-risk occupations. The present study

Low back pain is a highly prevalent socioeconomic health issue in the world we live in today and one of the top causes of disability - affecting work performance and the overall quality of life for many. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that out of 289 health conditions, low back pain ranked number one in terms of disability (YLDs - Years Lived with Disability), and sixth in terms of overall burden (DALYs - Disability-Adjusted Life Years) (Lancet, 2012). It is estimated that 60% to 70% of the industrialized population will experience non-specific (most common type) low back pain in their lifetimes with a one-year prevalence of 15% to 45%, adults occurring 5% per year (Taimela, Kujala, Salminen, Viljanen, 1997, 1132-1136). Children and adolescents have a lower prevalence rate than adults, but is rapidly on the rise (Balague, Troussier, Salminen, 1999, 429-438).

More specifically, estimates of musculoskeletal pain range from 10% to 71% in elderly people, and 49% of older adults suffer from pain in their lower body (Jones & Macfarlane, 2005; McAlindon et al., 1992). Scudds (2000) showed that the most common musculoskeletal pain conditions found in elderly people were back pain (29%), knee osteoarthritis (17%), and rheumatoid arthritis (8%). Differences in estimates of pain prevalence relate to the complexity of the problem, and there is an inadequate assessment criterion to assess this problem, as

There is a strong link between jobs that involve overuse or heavy activities involving the hand and aggravation of symptoms (Middleton & Anakwe, 2014). This is reflected in the high claims of worker’s compensation among certain workplaces relating to repetitive strain injury (Patijn et al., 2011). Latent stage of chronic compression leads to demyelination, fibrosis, and nerve fibre degeneration; particularly muscle deterioration of the thenar eminence (Gruber, Gruber, Djurdjevic, Schullian, & Loizides, 2016; Middleton & Anakwe, 2014). Abnormal sensations and paraesthesia may radiate into the forearm and axilla (Moore et al.,

The increase of sedentary leisure and work related activities has also brought the rise of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and now account for 31% of non-fatal work related injuries making them the most common (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016). Therefore, it is highly advantageous to employers to suggest ways of reducing symptoms to theoretically reduce costs associated with MSDs in the workplace (sick leave, medical costs, etc.). Work related MSDs are caused by complex combination of factors that can extend from beyond the workplace and cause pain and discomfort of muscles, tendons, joints, and nerves (Rodrick, Karwowski, & Marras, 2012). As a result, finding a single root cause of a MSD is nearly impossible. Due to the difficulty in

the world and as indicated by WHO (2003) lower back agony is in charge of a noteworthy part of individuals avoiding work or going by a therapeutic professional. It is evaluated that 70

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of articular cartilage, caused due to aging, obesity, strain, trauma, congenital anomalies, joint deformities and other factors, the degradation of joint edge and the subchondral bone reactive hyperplasia, also known as bone joint disease. The clinical features include slow progression of joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, swelling of joints, restricted motion and joint deformity.

Cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) may occur in both office and manufacturing settings. CTDs are injuries due to repetitive motions, stresses, and actions (Scott and Erin, 2007). A cumulative trauma disorders is a disorder that can affect bones, muscles, tendons, nerves and other anatomical features. It develops when micro traumas, or minute injuries, occur repeatedly from overuse or misappropriate use of a body part or external force applied to the body (Charles and James, 1999). Cumulative trauma may also be a combination of major and minor traumas. A large trauma may weaken the

OA is a musculoskeletal disease that causes chronic joint pain and reduced physical functioning (Laba, brien, Fransen, & jan, 2013). Osteoarthritis (OA) is a non-inflammatory disorder of synovial joints that results in loss of hyaline cartilage and remodeling of surrounding bone. OA is the single most common joint disease, with an estimated prevalence of 60% in men and 70% in women later in life after the age of 65 years, affecting an estimated 40 million people in the United States (Goodman & Fuller, 2009). Women are more commonly affected after the age of 55, almost everyone has some symptoms by the age of 70 (Tan, Zahara, Colburn & Hawkins, 2013, p.78). Osteoarthritis can be described radiological, clinical, or subjective.

Musculoskeletal DISORDER (RSI) disorders are very common in the USA. MSD is can be a variety of painful condition of one's muscles. It is also affects tendons and other soft tissues. It is when one does a lot of repetitive tasks over a long or short period of time. Other examples of MSDs are carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, bursitis and epicondylitis. It is often common in ones hands and arms. MSD is common in people who do repetitive hobbies, such as crochet, tennis or golf and also people who type a lot or sit improperly at work.

Low back pain (LBP) is defined as pain in the back between the bottom of the rib cage and buttock creases (National Guideline Centre UK, 2016). It is the most common cause of referral to a physical therapist and is one of the leading causes of disability (Hayden et al., 2005). It is estimated that LBP has a lifetime prevalence of 80% (Breivik et al., 2006), is the leading cause of years lived with disability in both developed and developing countries, and sixth in terms of overall disease burden (Hoy et al., 2014). More significantly, 62% of people experiencing LBP for the first time will develop chronic symptoms lasting longer than one year (Hestbaek, Leboeuf-Yde and Manniche, 2003). Furthermore 90% of these chronic low back pain

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries or disorders at several body regions especially involved the muscles, joints, cartilage, tendon, nerves and also the structures that support the neck, upper and lower limbs and lower back. It can be occur due to sudden force or extended exposure to physical factors such as awkward posture, repetitive works, force and vibration while performing work at workplace. This definition definitely excludes those conditions such as fractures, contusions, abrasions, and lacerations resulting from sudden physical contact of the body with external objects (CDC, 2012).

The subjects for this study were working aged women, 20 to 55 years of age. These women were not exposed to heavy or repetitive work. They could not be a part of the study if they had been diagnosed with major pathologies or trauma to the shoulder previously. The subjects were volunteers. The volunteers were found at supermarkets located in the same area. 302 women were enrolled in this cross sectional study.