Navicular Syndrome Research Paper

The fibula (slender long bone that lies parallel with and on the lateral side of the

The shaft of the bone which surrounds the medullary cavity. In this patients case the diaphysis (shaft) of the humerus has been fractured

Twenty American Quarter Horse geldings, aged between four and eight years and weighing ideally 1,000 to 1,300 pounds, shall be used. All horses should ideally be non-athletes that were previously kept as pleasure riding horses. The horses will be completely evaluated clinically and ultrasonongraphically by veterinarians blinded to the study before the experiment to ensure that there are no preexisting health conditions to hinder healing, or any history or signs of previous injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon. All horses will be placed in individual stalls and paddocks and adapted to their new daily routines for thirty days before the start of the experiment to allow acclimation. Any horses that obtain injury or disease during the course of the study will be removed from the study group to reduce confounding and returned to their provider.

Soring is a cruel practice used on horses to exaggerate their gaits. It is commonly found in gaited horses such as the Tennessee Walking Horse. Chemicals such as mustard oil, diesel, or kerosene are put on the legs of the horse and left there for a few days. This causes painful sores, and to avoid detection at shows they often use a chemical stripping agent to get rid of the scarring. Then action devices such as chains are placed on these sores to make these horses accentuate their gaits. Another type of soring is grinding down the sole of the hoof to expose the sensitive tissues. These methods often make the horse pick up their legs higher and faster (AVMA, 2012).

Hippotherapy is a specialized type of equine-assisted therapy (EAT). It means involving a horse during the course of treatment. In order to conduct hippotherapy, one must be a licensed therapist (physical, occupational, or speech-language pathologist) and be certified through the Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH). During hippotherapy, the client will sit on the horse’s back and adjust their body to the movements of the horse’s walk. “The client does not influence the horse; rather, the horse’s movements influences the rider. Functional riding skills are not taught, and any improvement in the client’s quality of life is secondary” (Macauley & Gutierrez, 2004). Within the scope of practice of the therapist, the client will perform activities that will help achieve the set treatment goals while sitting on top of the horse, complementing their horse’s walk. “Both physical and psychosocial benefits have been documents or reports from the use of EAT and hippotherapy” (Macauley & Gutierrez, 2004). The following three studies provide further evidence of the effect of

When Atkin says “the use of drugs”, there are a variety of inhumane stimulates that could be referred to. Medications such as Lasix are highly desirable in the racing as world as they mask the side effects of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. EIPH occurs when blood escapes the system and penetrates into the horse lungs and airway. While tools like Lasix mask circulatory problems, drugs such as Phenylbutazone are even more disturbing. Typically used as an anti-inflammatory for injured horses, Phenylbutazone temporarily takes away the pain of a minor strain or bruise. However, trainers often administer 12 times the recommended dosage of this medication to all of their racing horses; injured or not. If a horse's injury is too severe, they

The main bone of the ankle is the talus which is the foot, tibia and fibula. The talocrural joint is a hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula which is the lower limb on the proximal end of the talus. The subtler joint is articulation between two tarsal bones in the foot which is the talus and calcaneus, its a plane joint.

Although complicated and difficult, the post-operative care is more time consuming and labour intensive because the horse must be confined to its stall for weeks and possibly months. Because they are unable to stay still and off the broken limb for the duration of the recovery, a sling is often used to help immobilize the horse and take the weight off the healing limb. The sling is hung from the ceiling and is placed around the thorax and abdomen which can lead to pressure sores and lung damage because all the weight of the animal is concentrated on these two areas. On the other hand, Dr. Montgomery’s device is deemed safer and more effective because the sling is not only around the thorax and abdomen, but also around the chest and upper hind legs which helps distribute the weight more evenly. This device also allows the horse to be mobile while recovering and slowly adding its own body weight to the healing limb which prevents muscle

Many therapies are administered on patients with different health complications. These therapies seek to ease pain or completely heal the patients. Equestrian therapy is one of the therapies used to treat people with disabilities. It uses horses as agents to promote emotional health. The approach has become popular in the treatment of physical conditions, psychological, and psychosocial issues. However, the big question remains, what are some of the challenges associated with equestrian therapy? Do these challenges surpass its beneficial aspects? The paper herein will focus on the effectiveness of equine therapy, its benefits and the significant role it plays in emotional stability, social interactions, and physical functions.

These joints can be either stringy or cartilaginous. Every joint has its own particular portrayal of portability. Synothrosis depicts no development of the joint; Amphiathrosis is little development, for instance the sternum. Diathrosis is totally portable like the arms. Synarthrosis is a sinewy joint, which is two nearby bones bound by collagen filaments that emerge from one bone, crossing the space in the middle of them, and entering into the other. Sutures are stable or just somewhat mobile stringy joints that nearly tie to the bones of the skull to one another, they happen no place else. Serrate sutures demonstrate as wavy lines among which the connecting bones immovably interlock with one another by their serrated edges and lap sutures are two bones that have covering inclined edges. In Addition, the plane sutures are two bones have straight non covering edges. A cartilaginous joint is otherwise called amphiarthrosis which is two bones connected. The most widely recognized sort of bone the body has is our synovial joints, which are unreservedly portable. These sorts of joint are prone to create excruciating and handicapping

Proximally, (VM) attaches to the proximal femur. Starting at the intertrochanteric line and moving posteroinferiorly to the medial supracondylar line (having passed over the pectineal line and the medial lip of the linear aspera (Drake et al 2013)). Distally the VM attaches to the medial boarder of the patella bone over the knee joint.

The horse foot is a unique and complex organ comprised of several components, each performing specific functions that work together and complement the group as a whole unit. The horse’s foot is much like a mechanical model that serves to suspend, support and move the horse. An intricate balance and equilibrium

The cauda equina is commonly known as a "horse's tail" because it is a group of spinal nerves with its roots near the end of the spinal cord (Fraser). The nerves in the cauda equina have many functions such as sensory innervation, controls over the external anal and urinary sphincters and sensory and motor fibers to the lower limbs (McNamee, et al). Certain damages and pressures placed upon the cauda equina can cause a condition called cauda equina syndrome. Cauda equina syndrome is a neurologic disorder which causes

All horse owners worry about their horses becoming lame. Lameness in a horse can take away from training time, cause the horse pain, and possibly end their life. Veterinarians dedicate a lot of time and effort into finding out what causes lameness. Veterinarians also spend time and effort into how to heal different types of causes of lameness. Three causes of lameness are laminitis, also known as founder, navicular disease, and osselets.

This particular type of method was pioneered by the Czech physiotherapist called Vladimir Janda. He theorised that the body crossed over from one side to the next where there are weakness and tightnesses in the muscles of the upper and lower regions of the body.