The neurocognitive dysfunction can be a complication of chronic hepatitis C (3), and several reports have described the adverse influence of the virus on cognitive function (7), which is characterised by complex attention, executive functions, learning and memory, perceptual motor functions and social cognition (4). Most of the studies suggest that cognitive impairments in HCV infection and their manifestations are completely reversible. However, more recently, some research has been inconclusive to determine the total reversibility in these cases. Few mental impairments may persist even after transplantation, once It might be linked to persistent cumulative deficits in working memory and learning. In addition, irreversible alterations in the brain in CHC patients were revealed by MRI imaging. (8).
Both structural and functional changes in the brain activity are considered the underlying pathophysiology of the disease (9).
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Other studies also pointed out a decrease in brain activity in specific areas. These areas are related to symptoms of a disease, mostly occurring in processing speed and working memory, which was the areas that the patients had worse scores when compared to controls (7). More specifically, the areas of the brain affected were precuneus and cuneus (visual memory), left posterior cerebellum (shortened attention span), prefrontal cortex (working memory), left pallidal (neuromotor dysfunction). All these alterations in the brain suggested an aberrant brain activity even in low-grade of HCV disease (3), which is demonstrated in figure
In addition PCA is identified by a significant concentration of plagues and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the occipital lobe and the parietal lobe as well as the connection known as the occipitotemporal junction ( Tsunoda, et al., 2011). The author’s go on to explain that they hypothesise that PCA is connected to AD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), corticobasal degeneration (CBD)
One topic that always comes up with tombs with mummies is that they all have curses and anyone who enters or sees the mummy will be killed within the next 24 hours. One curse that is worldwide famous is the curse of the Pharaoh where anyone who disturbed king Tut`s tomb would be killed by a horrendous curse. The same with a mummy found in the Alps in Italy that was named after the mountain it was found on it is commonly known as Otzi, he also has a horrendous cures that ends with death. Both mummies have curses that are deadly but they both have different stories and one doesn't even have any warnings about if he is disturbed then he will curse the occupants until death or anything like that, another thing is that how the occupants died and
As the progressive disease take over the body, the ability to function, understand, and comprehend becomes an issue. On a neurological level, the disease affects the brain causing senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles to build and connect between the cells. The plaques contain proteins that are called beta-amyloid that clump together between the nerve cells. On the other hand, tangles are twisted strands that keep
HCV with neurocognitive effects similar to those of HIV, but without the associated end-stage dementia (Laskus et al., 2005). Prevalence studies have estimated the 1-month rate of depression in HCV-infected individuals at 28% (Golden et al., 2005), but it is clear that treatment of HCV with interferon-based therapies dramatically increases the risk of depressive symptoms to near 80% (Laguno et al., 2004; Reichenberg et al., 2005; Scalori et al., 2005). These effects on mood, increased fatigue, and worsened quality of life are even greater in patients with concurrent, advanced HIV disease (Ryan et al., 2004), and appear likely to be due to a variety of factors, including biological and sociodemographic ones (Braitstein et al., 2005). Multiple
An Article Review of “Memory blindness: Altered memory reports lead to distortion in eyewitness memory” by Cochran et al. (2016)
The quantitative methods explained so far quantify the CBF (in one way or another) but in relative units, which implies that the regional CBF values are relative to the number of counts corresponding to a reference value. The reference value may be the mean value of a specific brain region (e.g., the cerebellum) or the whole brain. The reference value should not be affected by the pathology under study, so that the regional relative CBF values are due to the effect of the disease in the patient and not to the reference
Beginning with the three main parts of the brain, the brain stem, the cerebellum, and the cerebrum, the website gives an overview of what I had studied in Basic Anatomy and Physiology class. The cerebrum, which controls memory, thinking, emotions, and voluntary movement, is the primary part of the brain affected by AD. In order to carry out its functions, the brain requires a rich blood supply of about 20 to 25 percent of the bodies’ blood total with each heartbeat. The whole vessel network picture demonstrates how vast the blood supply to the brain is and makes it understandable that up to 50 percent
Introduction Cultures are different around the world. There often is multiple cultures in a country. Greece’s culture is different in many ways from other cultures, for example family, tradition and religion are three of many key factors in Greece(www.everyculture.com). Family, tradition and religion can be popular values for other cultures too, but all cultures have different values. Families in Greece are affected by poverty, religion and tradition.
The virus causes changes in expression to nearly 1300 genes in the hippocampus, the area responsible for storing memories and helping bodies be properly oriented in the environment. The virus altered how the hippocampus responds to the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is widely used throughout the brain and integral to the immune system.
Neuroscience's study of Cognitive Function is a relatively late phenomenon. As late as 1848, the accident and resulting injuries of Phineas Gage amazed the medical community. Furthermore, retrospective study of Gage's injuries continues to yield new information about brain injury, personality and rehabilitation.
The disease functions by causing neurons to degenerate and lose their synapses with other nerves, thus cutting down severely on the intercellular communication which lies at the heart of all behavior. (1).
The experiencing of the world and the way the patient reacts to it is radically influenced by this unhealthy interaction within the brain. The initial symptoms involve mild forgetfulness of recent events, activities or familiar people/things. In the process of development of the disease, skills acquired throughout the life of the patients such as brushing the teeth, easting with a fork and a knife are forgotten; thoughts are very unclear, and behavior becomes unable to be subordinated to normal human life norms. All the clues the brain has learned so as to be able to fill in the blank in everyday life have been forgotten. (3)
A speech-language pathologist’s participated in a dominant aspect in the screening, assessment, diagnosis and treatments concerning infants, adolescents, children and adults alongside cognitive intercommunication disarrangements. For instance, an example of a diagnosis and treatment concerns might include dysphagia. This disorder can be diagnosed from a wide range from an infant to the elderly. As a speech-language pathologist teaching swallowing exercises can be beneficial to the patients (Glover, McCormack & Smith, 2015). This environment description illustrates the roles of speech-language pathologists in the interpretation and the management of peoples with language condition affiliated with cognitive disorders and identifies the amplitude and principle for the above-mentioned services. To state
Researchers also studied the brain tissue of the infected mice under a microscope and found that the memory problems tracked with changes in nerve cells. A month after H7N7 or H3N2 infection, mice had fewer nerve cell connectors called dendritic spines on cells in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in memory. Electrical experiments on the nerve cell samples in dishes also suggested the cells’ signal-sending abilities were
Brain - Scans show that there are differences in the brains of some people with