Nt1310 Unit 3 Quiz

d. In 3.a (above) you mutated one letter. What role do you think the redundancy of the genetic code plays in this type of change?

3. What needs to land on the pink part in order for the gene to be expressed? RNA Polymerase

I have a nick knack ceramic statue of a woman in a wide hoop skirt dress (probably from 18th century fashions) who is Caucasian.

Lymphocytes that become part of antibody-mediated immunity arm of the adaptive immune response develop in the:

I think the Frame shift mutations would have the greatest consequence because DNA is read in triplets so everything would get moved

The innate and adaptive immune response start with exposure to an antigen in the epithelium of

C. A chromatid is a chromosome that has been replicated but has not yet separated from its sister chromatid.

Lymph organs include bone marrow, lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus. Bone marrow contains a tissue which produces lymphocytes. B- lymphocytes (B-cells) mature in the bone marrow. T- lymphocytes (T-cells) mature in the thymus gland. Other blood cells include monocytes and leukocytes which are produced in the bone marrow. B-cells use chemicals to remember the structure of previous encountered pathogens to try and prevent the pathogens from effecting the body again. T-cells surround pathogens and destroy them to stop any harm on the body. This is called immunity. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell. The function of macrophage is to engulf unwanted particles. A macrophage uses the process called phagocytes to destroy and get rid of

The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by "memory cells". Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. so basically killer T cells will identify antigens present on foreign cells. These antigens are not found in any of the cells inside our body. So T cells will identify them and kill them.

Sufficient stimulus by danger signals causes dendritic cells to become fully mature. This causes them to express signaling molecules that indicate the antigens they present were found in a dangerous environment. Mature dendritic cells promote immune reactions to

response, cytotoxic T cells are recruited to kill cells infected with intracellular agents such as

After the APCs have been loaded with the vaccine-generated antigen, they travel to the secondary lymphoid organs, where they activate naïve T-cells through a combination of MHC, co-stimulatory molecules and TCR. Once CD4+ TH cells are activated, they secrete cytokines “during cell-to-cell interaction with B cells and bind to

The lymph vessels accumulate lymph fluid from the tissues of the body and then return it to the blood, this than helps maintain the body’s balance of fluid. The lymph nodes filter the lymph; these contain specific white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are formed within the bone marrow, spleen and thymus, also they help the body protect itself against infection.

At the pre-B cell stage, central tolerance mechanism occurs. B cells that bind strongly to self-antigen are removed through apoptosis or B-cell receptor rearrangement. Other cells that bind weakly to self-antigen are became anergy or may go to peritoneal cavity (55, 56). This immature transitional B cells migrate to periphery to complete the maturation process, particularly in the spleen (57, 58).

If these cells discover that there is any infected cells, simply, they kill them. The effectiveness of this results in one being oblivious to the fact they are affected by the virus for the first initial 10 days. After a period of fighting and dying, the macrophages alert the brain of the immune system; the dendritic cells. The function of the dendritic cells is to collect samples of intruders, travel to the lymph nodes and then activate the heavy weapons that eradicate the infection very fast in a team effort. Nonetheless, the measles virus uses a wrecking tactic that infects the dendritic cells and uses them to enter further into the body. Those infected cells travel to the next lymph to alert other immune cells. Upon arrival the measles virus spreads around the T and B cells and infects them, attacking the very system that was meant to fight it. The lymph system then spreads the virus everywhere and it enters the bloodstream infecting cells while travelling. Measles infects organs such as the Spleen, intestines, lungs and liver and results in symptoms such as high fever, headache, sickness, bronchitis and of course the