Nutritional Deficiency Of Vitamin And Its Effects On The Normal Development And Key Functions Of Immune Cells

Zinc: My intake value of zinc was 5.59 mg, while the DRI value 8.00 mg. This result should be concerned because Zinc acts as cofactors to protect from oxidative damage (Hammond, 2016f). Also, the symptoms of lacking Zinc includes diarrhea, slow wound healing, damaged digestive system and so on (Hammond, 2016h). Therefore, it is important to maintain a normal intake level of Zinc.

Vitamin A and D have showed unexpected and crucial effects on immune system. Vitamin A includes innate immune towards microbial infection, absence of vitamin A can increase the chance of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infection. Also excessive intake of vitamin A Is associated with toxicity, including blocked hematopoiesis, mitogen-induced T-cell spread, antigen-specific antibody production, and an increased susceptibility to infectious organisms. Vitamin A is also given by Retinoid supplement to treat the skin effects of T-cell lymphoma. Vitamin C also known as Ascorbic Acid also contribute in innate immunity system, Vitamin C works during infection to prevent oxidative damage. Lower concentration of vitamin C in leukocyte is related to reduce immune response in humans. It has been proven that Vitamin C concentrations in the plasma and leukocytes rapidly decline during infections and stress. Iron chelators such as desferrioxamine inhibit the activity of phagocyte oxidase and reduce reactive oxygen intermediate-dependent killing of bacterial pathogens, both in vitro and in vivo. Lastly, Zinc is a dietary trace mineral that is responsible for growth and development, and it is essential for the function of cells of the immune system. It increased susceptibility to

Zinc is an essential mineral, it is either added or naturally present in foods. You can find since added in many cold lozenges and a few over the counter cold remedies. There are numerous aspects of cellular activity that zinc is apart of. A few examples would be protein synthesis, wound healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division. While Zinc can also support a normal growth and development for women during pregnancy, as well as a child and adolescence. A daily intake of zinc is needed in order to maintain since the body has no specialized zinc storage system. To determine the proper intake recommendations of Zinc, using the Dietary Reference Intakes can help determine the right amount.

The body of an adult human contains almost 2-3 g of zinc. However, only 0,1% of it is found in the serum. As for other transition metals, circulating zinc is not free, but is complexed to proteins that maintain it in a non-reactive form in order to prevent their toxicity: almost 80% is bound to albumin and the remaining 20% is bound to α2-macroglobulin (Kambe et al., 2015). As zinc is required for many functions in living organisms, its transport across biological membranes is mediated by several proteins that can be classified in two major families of transporters: the SLC39 (Zrt-Irt-related Proteins, ZIPs) family, with 13 members identified, and the SLC30 (Zn-transporters, ZnTs) family, with 10 members (Fukada et al., 2011; Kambe et al.,

Magnesium and Zinc are tied at 33% DV. Both support healthy immune systems. Zinc is essential for DNA and protein synthesis; and accelerates wound healing. Magnesium is known as the anti-stress mineral and promotes a

People at high risk for developing CD have the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) HLA DQ2 or HLA DQ8 ( Pietzak). That genetic background combined with exposure to a group of proteins called prolamins can activate CD. The prolamins are gliadin in wheat, secalins in rye, and hordeins in barley. Gluten in wheat is broken down to the peptide gliadin which causes the reaction. These dietary gliadins trigger the immune system which causes the typical CD response. (Harris)

The Human Body is an oasis of life. Still, every waking moment of our lives, our bodies endure vicious attacks. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, microbes, toxins, and parasites - I like to think of them as invaders from the outside world. Each invader is equipped with its own specialized method of attack. On a microscopic level, our bodies fight a life-long war. As the battle rages, our immune system kicks in and protects us against the perils of illness. The immune system is not made up of one particular tissue or organ. Instead, an arsenal of defense cells; including lymphocytes, bone marrow, and leukocytes join forces to keep us healthy. Besides the occasional times we get caught in the crossfire with a common cold, a healthy immune system keeps

Eating good food and taking care of your body is key if you want to be healthy. I definitely believe that eating nutritious foods filled with antioxidants, vitamins, and mineral can help with your immune system. Unfortunately not everyone has access to nutritious foods due to where they live, socioeconomic status, and/or culture. Some religions and cultures have limitations concerning what foods they deem appropriate. For example, Buddhists and Hindus are mainly vegetarian, so they need to make sure they are getting all their nutrients. Vegetarian diets are low in important nutrients like calcium, vitamin B-12, iron, and zinc. It is key that vegetarians look for vegetable products that have been fortified with nutrients to ensure they are eating a nutritionally adequate diet. Socioeconomic status can

Zinc plays important roles in the functioning and homeostasis of the normal prostate, being a major constituent of it and having a concentration three to 10-fold higher than other soft tissues. (2).

The body also needs zinc to make proteins and DNA, the genetic material in all cells

According to James (2016) more than 95% of individuals diagnosed with CD express the characteristic HLA DQ2/DQ8 genes, but adds that approximately 30% of all Caucasians do as well (p. 26). This suggests the existence of an environmental component in addition to the genetic component of the etiology of CD that is not fully understood. In an individual genetically predisposed to developing CD (those with HLA DQ2/DQ8 and non-HLA genes), the enzyme tissue transglutaminase modifies ingested gluten and an abnormal T-cell mediated response occurs in response, leading to initiation of an inflammatory reaction, subsequent intestinal tissue

Pathogens can quickly change and adjust to escape detection and destruction by the immune system. Therefore, several defense mechanisms have too changed to identify and neutralize pathogens. Disorders of the immune system can cause autoimmune disease, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Immunodeficiency appears when the immune system is less functioning than normal, causing in recurrent and life threatening infections. Immunodeficiency may be an effect of inherited disease passed down. Autoimmunity happens from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissue believing they are foreign organisms. Some familiar autoimmune diseases are hashimoto’s thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus type 1, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Dendritic cells are the antigen presenting cells (APCs). They play a key role in regulating the adaptive immune response. T cells can recognize the antigen only when they are processed and presented in the context of MHC molecules (type I or II) by the professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). DCs are referred to as professional APCs, since their main function is to present antigens, and only DCs have the unique ability to induce primary immune response in the resting naïve T cells which have not experienced the antigen before. DCs capture antigens, process them and present them on the cell surface in a form that T cell can recognize along with appropriate costimulatory molecules essential for effective activation. Other types of APCs include

Microbial products initiate Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which in turn activate the signalling pathways, causing antimicrobial genes and inflammatory cytokine induction (Janeway and Medzhitov, 2002). The TLR subfamily TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6 recognise lipids where as TLR7, TLR8, TLR9 recognise nucleic acids. TLRs are expressed on DCs, macrophages, T cells, B cells, epithelial cells and fibroblast cells, to modulate a response to pathogens and cytokines. The TIR domain of TLR involved in the interaction of TLRs and adaptor proteins such as MyD88, TRIF, TRAM, and TIRAP/MAL, regulate TLR signalling. This leads to the downstream signalling cascade of the adaptor molecules (Figure 2), stimulating proinflammatory cytokines, chemokine’s and types I and type III interferons. The adaptive immune response is also activated by antigen presenting cells (APCs), which present antigens to naïve CD4+ T cells. The naïve CD4+ T cells can be differentiated by DCs, into T helper 1 (Th1) cells, which generate interferon-y (IFN-Y) for the elimination of infected cells (Akira, Uematsu and Takeuchi, 2006) .

Factors that have been studied and discussed are environmental and genetic (jhmi.edu, 2002). Environmental factors consist of pollutants, parasites, and viruses. Pollutants such as mercury are becoming more exposed to humans on a daily basis with aerosol pollutants and more consumption of seafood. High levels of mercury in the body have shown the induction of high levels of auto-antibodies and increase cytokine signaling in the immune system leading to autoimmunity (Gardner, et al., 2010). Parasites are able to induce autoimmunity by mimicry. Mimicry is the use of molecular mimics of host proteins in order to live in the body undetected by the immune system. Autoimmunity is induced by the body’s immune system when auto-antibodies are activated for the parasite but begin to attack self-cells as well due to similar properties between the parasite proteins and the self-cell proteins (Hurford, et al., 2013). Viruses such as Epstein Barr virus also induce autoimmunity by infecting B-cells and causing them to malfunction. The virus also allows for increased presence of infected B-cells thus replacing properly functioning B-cells thus causing the immune system to become ineffective (Gross, et al.,