Objectivity And The Phenomenological Reduction

In, your post you state that you agree with Novick’s idea of objectivity and abandoning our biases to give a neutral perspective of an event, however, my question is can a historian present this idea of objectivity without leaning to a specific view? I think that while a historian can present both sides of a perspective of an event, I consider there will always be some bias that the historian will lean towards. This bias relates to Haskell’s statement “that most of us cannot avoid constructing the world regarding right and wrong,” on objectivity (Haskell, 151). In a sense, this connects to your supportive view of Haskell’s view that history should not be neutral. By having different views on historical topics. I believe this allows new questions, assertions, and research to be discovered leading a historian to a new viewpoint on an

Pojman talked about why he thought subjectivism was a useless concept, and pointed out the absurd consequences of the theory. He said if we agree with subjectivism, then there can be no argument nor interpersonal judgment. By reason of subjectivism does not depend on social agreement of principle, and the situation could only be considered as wrong, if one failed to live up his or her principles; if the person felt right then it would be impossible for him or her to do wrong. By strengthen his argument, Pojman indicated subjectivism has disregarded a vital fact, that which people often share commonalities, including, common language, institutions, and habits. He then quoted John Donne, “No man is an island, entire of itself; every man

The theoretical orientations I will primarily use when counseling students are Person-centered and Existential because I believe people have control over their lives and they need to learn to adapt to their environment both of which is done through a positive counseling environment that focuses on the whole student rather than just the problem (Corey,2012). Although this could be difficult in the school setting, the student has to come first and some will need more counseling sessions than what is typically used and every student should feel empowered and learn to take control over their lives. I will consider culture in my theoretical orientation of Existential and Person-centered by include the student’s culture within the environment and

In the essay of “The Poison of Subjectivism” by C.S.Lewis, he says “it is useless to compare the moral ideas of one age with those of another: progress and decadence are alike meaningless words.” Our society constantly changing, people’s view follows the change and it also produces action. We can’t be shifting around by what the world views are. We must have a biblical worldview which we can find from the Bible. As I am studying theology it is my responsibility to bring the biblical worldview to those who have a different worldview.

formulated as follows: Where other kinds of reduction always lead to greater objectivity, a reduction

Late adulthood is a time to reflect back on one’s life, travel, spend time with friends, family, grandchildren and maintaining ones health for the years to come. During late adulthood an individual’s family history of genetics play a major role in ones quality of life in their final years, such as if you have a significant family history of myocardial infarctions later in life, increases the probability of you developing heart disease which often leads to a myocardial infarction. Developing a heart healthy lifestyle diet can assist in the prevention of developing heart disease. In this paper I will examine late adulthood and death of an individual across the life span development process. Discuss ageism and stereotypes, evaluated how an individual can promote ones health and wellness to mitigate the negative effects of aging, Analyze the importance of relationships and social interactions nearing the end of life. Finally I will identify cultural and personal attitudes related to death and dignity in late adulthood.

How should we live our lives? Do you live for others or for yourself? What do you deem to be the ideal: selflessness, or selfishness? Why? Ayn Rand’s novel The Fountainhead addresses these issues and her philosophy behind it called Objectivism. Her rebellious rhetoric is to convince us that the only true virtue is selfishness and that we should abide by its standards and live for ourselves.

Animal Farm is a compelling and tenacious story of the corruption of a society. The smart took over the weak, and once docile animals became monsters. It truly showed how selfishness turned the pigs into the humans they once hated. The pigs' greed leads them to drive out decency and only have avariciousness left. Snowball was so wholesome and had much potential, but once he was gone Napoleon became a tyrant. Reading it felt like watching a society morph into a shadow of its former self. The main parts were the Rebellion, the beginning of Napoleons reign, and when the pigs became the monsters they once hated.

Psychotherapy and counselling are inseparable. The effectiveness of a counselling program is not just based on the connectedness and interaction between a therapist and a client, but also the framework of the counselling approach in helping the client improving his mental health or overcoming personal problems. There are an extensive number of psychotherapies developed by past researchers, with each therapeutic concept offering unique contributions in understanding human behaviour and useful implications for counselling practice (Bedi et al., 2011).

In respect of the theory of cognition, where Duns Scotus had placed between the perceiving subject and the object perceived a "sensible species" and an "intelligible species," Ockham considers these as superfluous machinery. Objects call forth sense-impressions in us, which are transmuted by the active intellect into mental images. These images are thus a product of the intellect, not species which flow from the object into the intellectus possibilis. The reality of these images is thus, in the modern use of the terms, not objective but subjective. This is true not merely of the "terms of first intention" formed directly from sense-impression, but also of the "terms of second intention," i.e., the abstract terms which take note of common attributes, or universals. These latter correspond to a tendency of the human mind, which can not perceive individuals without at the same time attempting to form a general concept. A white object simultaneously suggests abstract whiteness; an extended, related, enduring object forces the conception of extension, relation, duration. The result of this line of reasoning is the absolute subjectivity of all concepts and universals and the limitation of knowledge to the mind and its concepts-although these are real entities because of their subjective existence in the mind, reproducing the actual according to the constitution of the mind. Thus Ockham is really the pioneer of modern epistemology. The

The philosophy of objectivism is to be selfish for yourself and to work hard to achieve a life of purpose. Howard Roark, the main character in Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead is the perfect personification of this philosophy. Rand made Roark to be the ideal man based on her own beliefs. Ayn Rand's immoral ideology offers pursuing your own happiness as your highest moral aim and not caring for how other's feel about your own actions. Objectivism adheres strictly to the path of rational self-interest that is to benefit of every human to seek his own pursuits alone. Rand doesn’t believe that a person should in any way sacrifice others for himself, but she rejects any form of moral altruism. The novel represents objectivism in all its iniquitous glory.

Perception is defined as how you look at others and the world around you. Being able to select, organize and intercept information starts the perceptual process. Perception affects the way people communicate with others. An individual’s pattern of thinking can affect their perception of others. Most people communicate best with people of similar cultures.

There are four different sources of knowledge: perception, introspection, reason and memory. All our knowledge roots from our perception. Perception is the way humans sense the world outside the body. We perceive through our five senses: see, hear, smell, taste, and touch. Humans gain knowledge through experiences and experience through perception. Usually we can trust our senses to perceive our surroundings effectively but there are times we misperceive. Illusions, hallucinations or impediments of the accurate flow of information to our senses are examples of misperceptions. For example if someone hits their head causing their vision to blur or impedes them from effectively processing what occurring around them, then they shouldn’t trust their senses. Another example would be an anxiety attack causing a signal of threat to the brain also preventing the person from correctly processing their surroundings. If nothing can prove we are misperceiving then we have good reason to be believe our senses.

Writing during the Enlightenment period was known to follow a strict set of values. Enlightenment values include reason, following rules, science, truth over creativity, beautiful nature, society, etc. These ideas that apparently belonged to the Enlightenment Period were taken very seriously. Writers during this time period were expected to write according to these values because it was respectful to the era. Writers who did not write according to these values were looked badly upon at first for going against the right values. It was very uncommon to see works published during the Enlightenment that had a different style of writing other than the known Enlightenment way. However, opposition to these values during the period did occur. Gulliver’s Travels and Confessions are both considered to be books of the Enlightenment period, but the values of the two books are at odds with neoclassic values.

The objectivist shares with the absolutist the notion that moral principles have universal objective validity.