Oestrogen deficiency caused by ovariectomy or drug therapy, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone-agonist therapy, results in a rapid increase in the levels of markers of bone turnover (98). Similarly, the menopause is marked by an increase in levels of markers. The magnitude of the increase varies for the different markers, probably reflecting their specificity for bone or differences in their metabolism in low and high turnover states. The markers probably start to increase in the peri-menopausal period before menstruation has ceased. Premenopausal women aged >40 years have higher levels of C-terminal crosslinked telopeptides (CTX) and osteocalcin than younger women (99), which may be weakly associated with lower BMD. In women with …show more content…
It has been shown that NTX and CTX and markers of bone formation remain elevated in women for 40 years after the menopause (106). Markers of bone resorption are significantly elevated in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis as compared with normal post-menopausal women, but the markers of bone formation are much less elevated and may indeed be decreased (107,108). This pattern of changes suggests that an extent of imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation occurs in osteoporosis. A mean increase of 40% has been found in the level of total deoxy pyridinoline in a group of sixty-three women with post-menopausal osteoporosis compared with a group of sixty-seven normal postmenopausal women (109). However, there was a considerable overlap of individual levels in the two groups. The heterogeneity of bone resorption in the group with osteoporosis probably indicates different causes of the disease or may represent differences in the stage observed in the individuals in the study. Single measurements of total and free cross-links are unlikely to be useful in identifying osteoporosis in an individual post-menopausal woman. However, a recent study suggests that osteocalcin can discriminate between normal post-menopausal women, women with osteopenia and women with osteoporosis, as defined by the WHO criteria (110). BMD in the post-menopausal woman is determined by peak bone mass and the amount of bone
Bone Mineral Density. Among the site(s) at danger for osteoporotic breaks, the bone site that is generally reliably appeared in studies to be connected with decreased bone mineral thickness (BMD) in DM1 is the hip. While a few exemptions exist [43], most studies show mediocre hip BMD among those with DM1 contrasted with controls without diabetes. In a meta-examination consolidating consequences of five studies, Vestergaard showed a huge diminishment in 푍 scores at the hip (푍score: −0.37±0.16, 푃 < 0.05) among patients with DM1 contrasted with controls. Discoveries from a case control study by Eller-Vainicher and others were comparable, where a diminishment in femoral neck BMD 푍 scores was seen among patients with DM1 (−0.32 ± 0.14) contrasted with controls (0.63 ± 1.0, 푃 < 0.0001) coordinated for age, BMI, and
As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1
Throughout a lifetime, old bone is removed (resorption) and new bone is added (formation) to the skeleton. During childhood and teenage years, new bone is added faster than old bone is removed. Consequently, bone become larger, heavier, and denser. Bone formation continues at a pace faster than resorption until peak bone mass, which is reached around age 30. After age 30, bone resorption slowly exceeds bone formation. In women, bone loss is most rapid in the first years after menopause but persists throughout the postmenopausal years. Based on year 2000 census data, it is estimated that 55% of people age 50 and older have either osteoporosis or low bone mass. The major risk
Osteoporosis is an age related disorder, more common in females compared to males. Osteoporosis is defined as a “skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to increased risk of fractures (Manolagaas, 2014). Osteoporosis is defined as “a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue (What is osteoporosis?2014). Osteoporosis is sometimes also referred as “silent thief” as the bone loss occurs very slowly and silently without any symptoms (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). The most common site for fracture due to osteoporosis is hip followed by humerus (Woltman & den Hoed, 2010) . Osteoporosis can occur at any age, although it is a disorder common in females (especially post-menopausal females). Everyone is prone to osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). According to Osteoporosis Canada, 1 in 3 Canadian females and 1 in 5 Canadian males may suffer fractures due to osteoporosis during their lifetime (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Canadian health care system spends 1.2 billion dollars for the acute hospitalization caused by osteoporosis and in 2010 the health care system spent 3.9 billion dollars for the total treatment of osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Osteoporosis can be screened and diagnosed by various methods; however the dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used. If the T-score values are less than -1 and greater than -2.5SD it is termed as osteopenia,
Osteoporosis is commonly known around the world as the numbers continue to increase every year. Osteoporosis is known to cause problems in middle aged women and occasionally effecting some men (1), currently reaching the number of 200million women diagnosed with osteoporosis (2). Arthritis Organisation states that anyone can get osteoporosis but women are about four times more likely than men to develop it, with two main reasons contributing to this fact. For several years after menopause occurs (ovaries stop producing oestrogen), the process of bone loss speeds up, increasing the chance of being diagnosed with osteoporosis. Yet men generally reach a higher level of bone density before the process of bone loss begins. Although
There are two types of osteoporosis that have been identified which are primary and secondary. Osteoporotic bones are thin and brittle and are prone to fracture. The bone loss involves both compact and spongy bone. In type I osteoporosis, which occurs typically in postmenopausal women, spongy bone loss predominates, occurring most prominently in the vertebrae and distal radius (Gueldner, Burke, Smiciknas-Wright, 2000). Major complications of type I osteoporosis are crush fractures of the vertebral bodies and the distal end of the radius. Type II, or old-age, osteoporosis is characterized by a proportional loss of compact and spongy bone of the long bones (Gueldner, Burke, Smiciknis-Wright). The most serious fractures of old age are those of
Type I osteoporosis (postmenopausal osteoporosis) generally develops in women after menopause when the amount of estrogen in the body greatly decreases. This process leads to an increase in the resorption of bone (the bones loses substance). Type I osteoporosis occurs in 5% to 20% of women, most often between the ages of 50 and 75 because of the sudden postmenopausal decrease in estrogen levels, which results in a rapid depletion of calcium from the skeleton. It is associated with fractures that occur when the vertebrae compress together causing a collapse of the spine, and with fractures of the hip, wrist, or forearm caused by falls or minor accidents. As the disease progresses, other characteristics show up: compression of the vertebrae resulting
Osteoporosis is often called “the silent disease” as bone loss occurs without any symptoms, many people might not have a clue that they have osteoporosis until they face a fracture from a minor trauma or fall, or a vertebra collapses. Physical signs include back ache, loss of height over period, curved posture, and ruptures of vertebrae, wrists, or hips. Osteoporosis can be spotted by a bone mineral density test or even a regular x ray. Without preventive treatment, women can lose up to 20% of their bone mass in the first five to seven years following menopause, making them more vulnerable to osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is an inherited disease.In addition, calcium deficient women or those that do not get enough exercise are more prone to the disease. Certainly, menopausal women are prime targets for osteoporosis.
Studies have shown that both estrogen and raloxifene, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, can prevent the loss of bone mass in postmenopausal women. Alendronate, a bisphosphonate is an alternative to estrogen for bone protection. Calcitonin is another treatment used by women for osteoporosis. This drug has been shown to slow bone breakdown and also may reduce the pain associated with osteoporotic fractures. Treatments under investigation include other bisphosphonates, sodium fluoride, para-thyroid hormone, vitamin D metabolites, and other selective estrogen receptor modulators.
Introduction: Osteoporosis is a disease that disproportionately affects postmenopausal women. It is an important disease for public health to address as it greatly contributes to frailty and risk of injury, largely due to fractures, and the associated burdens on the health care system. Literally translating to “porous bones”, osteoporosis occurs when bones lose their density, and the inner bone matrix becomes much more brittle (Figure 1).1,2 Health adult bones are in a constantly dynamic state, with living cells that multiply to grow and repair bones as we age. Bones structurally consist of a hard, calcified outer layer, and an inner matrix made of collagen and non-collagen proteins.3 Healthy bone mass, and the structure of this inner matrix, is maintained through processes called resorption and remodeling.1 Resorption occurs as some cells dissolve bone matrix for the body to reabsorb and reuse the minerals, and remodeling occurs simultaneously as other cells deposit new bone matrix proteins to replace the dissolved minerals. Each remodeling activity is associated with a slight net loss in bone mass, and as such, healthy adults achieve peak bone density in their early 20s, and bone density gradually declines thereafter.1,4
The post-menopausal women may exhibit a syndrome called MTX-osteopathy, where the bone density becomes very low.
levels of the hormone estrogen declines (such as during menopause), her risk of bone loss
With regard to the fact that routine mammography is performed in all menopause women as a screening tool, determination of the relation between BAC and bone density of this high risk population, could help us to determine those with osteoporosis. Early diagnosis and treatment of this group of patients consequently reduce its related complications and improves public health. The importance of the issue would become more prominent by understanding the fact that the elderly population of our community is growing and it is estimated that in coming 20 years the elderly population be increasing three times(16). The aim of this study was to investigate mentioned probable relation between BAC and osteoporosis.
2014). Primary osteoporosis is can be further divided into two subtypes: (a) type I osteoporosis (also known as postmenopausal osteoporosis), which is a common bone disorder in postmenopausal women and is mainly due to estrogen deficiency resulting from menopause, and (b) type II osteoporosis (also referred to as age-related osteoporosis or senile osteoporosis), which is related mainly with aging in both women and men (Feng and Mcdonald 2011). Women are more susceptible to osteoporosis than men ( Al-Daghri et al. 2014). since postmenopausal women are affected by both factors of the lack of estrogen and later aging,they become the major sufferers in bone loss and result in much higher incidence of osteoporosis (Liong 2009). The most common type of osteoporosis is postmenopausal osteoporosis, would be come our main scope of