Operant Learning Analysis

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. There are two types of learning, associative learning and cognitive learning. Associative learning occurs when a person or an animal forms a simple association among various stimuli, behaviors, or both. It requires little to no awareness or thought. Cognitive learning refers to understanding, knowing, and anticipating. Our subject today comes from associative learning. There are two types of associative learning. Ivan Pavlov of Russia, discovered classical conditioning, and Edward Thorndike discovered operant conditioning.

Observational Learning is when a person’s behavior is being observed but not imitated right away, it is stored for later use (Crawford). An example of this could be a boy observing his father work a lot then when the boy is grown up, he also works a lot. Or a little girl watching her

An example would be whenever he doesn't go straight to video games give a reward. Then when he chooses the work on assignments before video games give reward, and when he chooses to go to bed earlier instead of staying up late give reward. Observational learning is learning by watching someone else and then modeling their behaviors. Vicarious conditioning is when you learn what can happen in a situation by seeing it happen to someone else. An example of vicarious conditioning would be if he sees someone fail out and get reprimanded because they focused more on playing video games then school. He would then see the what can happen when you don't do assignments and miss class and it might cause him to want to do assignments and go to bed earlier so he can get up and make it to

When we consider Banduras’ observational learning theory we see it as a way to acquire and learn a new behavior by paying attention to the activities and behaviors of others. During this kind of learning, there are three actions that an observer must engage in, to actually learn about what’s being observed. He must pay attention, make a representation to memory, and be able reproduce the behavior, in short witness, recollect, and replicate. If the observer is not paying full attention to the behavior, chances are he will completely miss out the witnessed behavior and will not be able to commit it to his short or long-term memory. So, the observer needs to recall the action that took place and repeat it in order to fully process what he saw.

Conditioning is a type of “associative learning”, occurring when a behavior is linked to an event or condition in the environment (Feist et al., 2015). There are two forms of conditioning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is an associative learning when organisms learn from the “consequences” of their action or behavior (Feist et al., 2015). Edward L. Thorndike found that a certain behavior occurs more often with “rewarding consequences” (Feist et al., 2015). The “law of effect” describes this concept: the likelihood that a behavior gets repeated depends on the consequences of a behavior (Feist et al., 2015). Thereby, operant conditioning, as defined by B. F. Skinner, is the

Observational learning occurs when an individual allows another’s behavior to influence theirs; my fondest memory of observational learning was when I learned how to ice skate. Peering at all my fellow classmates, I learned that running onto the ice is the fastest way to injure myself. Reluctantly, I decided to proceed slowly onto the ice and taught myself how to ice skate through watching other experienced skaters. Even now, I am constantly learning in this manner like applying makeup or cooking. My mother never taught me how to apply cosmetics when I was younger so I have always relied on watching other; for example, watching a YouTube video to apply cosmetics. YouTube has been a huge help.

Watson and Hull define the Classical condition as “as a process of directly attaching a reflux response to a new stimulus.” (p.175). The operant conditioning is “a type of learning in which the future of a behavior is affected by consequences.” (p.228). In the following paragraphs, I use real world scenarios.

1.Observational learning: It is a type of learning that occurs indirectly through watching, modeling, or imitating other people.Sometimes it is really hard to memorize every single words and practice it in the real life.Instead, we can watch and imitate what the other people do.That does not only prevent us from taking time to remember but also helps us to learn in the fastest and most relaxing manner.For example, we can use this to solve the math

Operant conditioning is when you act in a particular manner when a particular stimulus is reinforced. Consider the feedback system, if you receive a reward for your particular work then you try your best to do better in future. In the similar way when you receive a positive response when you behave good with the animals you will continue the particular behaviour in future. (Bouton, mark e, 2009)

When speaking about classical conditioning, we all immediately think about Pavlov’s bell experiment. It is perfect example of classical condition, but there are many more that could be used as a example. First of all what is classical conditioning? I will use example of a boy who ended up in hospital for bad case of flue. He fully recovered, but every time he will pass that hospital he felt sick to his stomach. We see two completely unrelated stimuli (UCS) , in this case flue and hospital, being paired to produce brand new stimuli, stomach ache (UCR). In my example, I will use something from my childhood. My father was coming back from work at 7 30 pm. I knew that I must have his dinner on a big giant platter ready for him. he was very strict

The concept of observational learning is very complex. While some don’t believe it, some only live by it. The reason why I chose to talk about this type of learning in particular is because I use it myself in my everyday life. Observational learning is a new concept that schools should start trying to break the standard of basic learning. Observational learning keeps kids interested, but most importantly keeps them learning and making that knowledge impact them for years to come.

Operant conditioning has played a huge role in enhancing my own learning. I personally use negative reinforcement consistently throughout my learning process. For example, I study many hours for exams and work diligently on assignments and experiments to remove the aversive consequence of failing or not doing well on my schoolwork. Studying and working hard in all my classes has greatly enhanced my learning in terms of my educational goals as well as knowledge about myself and how to push myself to extend beyond what I assumed were my limits. By studying and working hard, I have been able to achieve great knowledge in the foundations of biology and have gained admiration and respect for the discipline, which in return encourages me to continue learning and thus enhances my learning.

The textbook defines operant conditioning as ‘the process of modifying behavior through the use of positive or negative consequences following specific behaviors. It is based on the notion that

Much of our personality and the way we observe and learn derives from observational learning processes throughout development, by simply observing and watching others in our environment we learn a variety of tasks. This fundamental aspect of human behavior is the focus of Albert Bandura, a social cognitive theorist whose major work addresses the nature of observational learning as well as the manner in which the inner person and the demands of a situation combine to determine a person’s actions (Friedman, H. 2012).

The study of operant learning has illustrated the nature of the relationship between behaviour and consequence, namely that behaviour is strengthened or weakened by it 's consequences (Skinner, 1963). Furthermore, Skinner (1963) referred to reinforcement as the strengthening of a behaviour due to it 's consequence and that reinforcement increases the probability that a similar behaviour will occur again in the future. Indeed, a single reinforcement is enough to warrant the strengthening of a behaviour (Iverson, 1992). In contrast, extinction is the reduction of the frequency of a behaviour when previously reinforced behaviour is no longer followed by reinforcement (Chance, 2014). Over a course of extinction sessions, the behaviour will decline and be extinguished (Chance, 2014). How resistant behaviour is to extinction is effected by previous reinforcement history, and this will be discussed in the context of the application of extinction to modify maladaptive or undesirable behaviors.