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Optimal Power Flow

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Introduction 1.1 BACKGROUND The following reasons make the management of power systems more difficult than earlier:  Due to increased competition existing power systems are required to provide greater profit or produce the same service at lower costs, thereby increasing the duration of power systems operating close to security and stability limits.  Environment constraints severely limit the expansion of a transmission network.  In a deregulated market there is a need for a new kind of voltage and power flow control (for which existing power systems are not designed for).  The transmission capacity for all transactions in the open access networks needs to be determined.  Fewer operators are engaged in the supervision and operation of power systems. Although power generation, transmission and distribution are unbundled there still exist common interests for these companies: power system adequacy and security. The adequacy of generation and transmission capacity is maintained in the long-term and is related to power system planning. The security of a power system is related to power system operation. The transmission networks need to be utilized ever more efficiently. The transfer capacity of an existing transmission network needs to be increased without major investments but also without compromising the security of the power system.The more efficient use of transmission network has already led to a situation in which many power systems are operated more often and longer

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