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Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes that surround them. The inner membrane is probably from the engulfed bacterium and this is supported by that the enzymes and proteins are most like their counterparts in prokaryotes. The outer membrane is formed from the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The electron transport enzymes and the H+ ATPase are only found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of the eukaryotic cell. (2)

Each mitochondrion has a double-layered membrane like the cell membrane, however the inner layer is folder which produces ‘shelves’ which are known as cristae, this is where the end stages of glucose oxidation are located. The energy that has been released is stored until required by a ‘chemical battery’ called adenosine triphosphate.

Mitochondria, dubbed the ‘powerhouse of the cell’, are a type of organelle present in most human cells. Their primary function is to generate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s principal source of chemical energy. Unlike most other organelles, mitochondria store their own set of genetic material, distinct from the DNA situated in a cell’s nucleus. Although this ‘mitochondrial genome’ represents only 0.1% of a cell’s genetic information, it often plays a significant role in development.

Mitochondria are multifaceted dynamic organelles that form highly interconnected tubular network throughout the neuron to maintain bio-energetic balance. Mitochondrial dynamics involves a tightly controlled delicate balance between fission, fusion and degradation that serves to maintain the characteristic morphology of mitochondria and a healthy mitochondrial pool in neurons. Mitochondrial dynamics is sensitive to various stimuli however the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dynamics are only beginning to be understood. Studies have suggested that the shape and membrane potential of daughter mitochondria determines their fate with ones of lower mitochondrial potential being selectively degraded. Mitochondrial fission involves removal of

The second important endosymbiotic event occurred as a result, in the acquisition of mitochondria by the earliest eukaryotes (Avissar et al., 2016). Mitochondria are responsible for aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells, and for a long time it was believed that they were simply organelles. But much like plastids in photoreactive eukaryotes, the evidence points to mitochondria having been absorbed by early eukaryotes, forming a symbiotic relationship in which the larger cell protected the smaller and provided a ready source of nutrients, and in turn the mitochondria allowed the larger cells to process all of the new molecular oxygen as an energy source to promote glycolysis (Cooper, 2000).

The hub of energy metabolism, the mitochondrion, is found in virtually all eukaryotic cells, with the exception being erythrocytes. The mitochondrion generates cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mostly by means of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system that is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The respiratory chain (CI-CIV) and ATP synthase (CV) is collectively known as the OXPHOS system, encoded by both nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The number of mitochondria per cell, ranging from hundreds to thousands, is controlled by the energy requirements of specific tissues with the greatest abundance of mitochondria found in metabolic active tissue (Pieczenik and Neustadt, 2007). Mitochondrial disease is caused when there is a defect in any of the numerous mitochondrial pathways, due to spontaneous or inherited mutations. Respiratory chain deficiencies (RCDs) are the largest subgroup of mitochondrial disease and occur when one of the four respiratory chain complexes become impaired. RCDs are considered to be one of the most common

Although significance was not reached, these results showed a trend for the abundance and localization of mitochondria/µm2 in RTT neurons to be higher than WT

Mitochondria: a word many people have used in their vocabulary, but one that most people fail to understand. Why is the mitochondria famously known as the powerhouse of the cell? It is because of its energy production. The mitochondria is responsible for the large majority of the production of ATP(adenosine triphosphate for those who actually care). ATP is the molecule that provides energy for most of the body’s functions. This organelle also aids in the processes of cellular differentiation(the changing of one cell type to another) and cell death(literal programmed, predetermined death of a cell). The mitochondria is made up of several different regions that help the organelle to function properly. These regions include the outer membrane,

The most prominent cytoplasmic alterations were to the mitochondria. Paracrystalline inclusions were found in many of the mitochondria. These inclusions, are very rare or are non existent in the interfibrillar mitochondria. Each crystalloid is enclosed by a single membrane and at low magnification appeared to be parallel linear densities measuring .34nmin thickness. Higher magnification revealed that the laminae of the crystalloids consisted of linearly arranged dots that were ~34nm in diameter. Some mitochondria, both SSM and IFM, lacked crystalloid inclusions and had few cristae, these particular mitochondria were confined to the organelle periphery where they paralleled the limiting membranes, this left a large area absent of any membranes in the inner compartment. These zones had a variety of different appearances, some mitochondria where completely electron-lucent, others possessed farinaceous material that varied in density, which depended on concentration and packing of electron-dense particles.

carboxyl terminus is necessary to recruit mitochondria, and the N terminus is anchored to the

How does dysbindin-1 regulate Drp1 oligomerization? Dysbindin-1 has been detected on mitochondrial outer membranes by electron microscopy 28. It is possible that dysbindin-1 binds to Drp1 to enhance its oligomerization. To test this possibility, we transfected HEK-293 cells with YFP-Drp1 along with HA-tagged dysbindin-1C or -1A, and used an anti-HA antibody to immunoprecipitate dysbindin-1 at 2 days after transfection. Drp1 was detected in the immunoprecipitation product from cells transfected with dysbindin-1C, but not with -1A plasmid (Figure 4G), indicating that

Mitochondrion is an importance structure that lies in the cytoplasm area. Mitochondrion is the plural word for mitochondria, which is the key organelle that converts energy from one form to another. Mitochondria changes the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. The mitochondrion contains two special membranes. The outer membrane surrounds the organelle, and the inner membrane has many folds that increase the surface area of the mitochondrion.

After cytosolic release from macropinosomes, MITO-Porters translocate into the mitochondrial membrane through electrostatic interaction between the MITO-Porters and mitochondria and induce fusion(56). The lipid composition of the MITO-Porter promotes both fusion with the mitochondrial membrane and releases of its cargo to the intra-mitochondrial compartment(33). MITO-Porter encapsulating propidium iodide (a fluorescent dye used to stain nuclei) could successfully deliver propidium iodide to the mitochondrial

Mitochondrial are dynamic organelles that are involved in a number of functions essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. To maintain the energetic state of the cell mitochondria maintains a subtle balance between fission and fusion to regulate mitochondrial number, mitochondrial shape, and network as unbalanced fission and fusion can have deleterious impact on cellular metabolism, energy status and redox homeostasis. Further, mitochondrial and neuronal activities are closely integrated to one another as injuries in mitochondria compromises neuronal function and survival. Mitochondrial dynamics impacts mitochondrial genome integrity, bioenergetics and neuronal functions including synaptic maintenance

Yang et al. [1] says that Mitochondria’s cytochromes c (which is a mitochondrial intermembrane protein that is loosely attached to the inner membrane of mitochondrial membrane) is relatively close to the bacterial medium subunit in sequence of cytochrome. Cytochrome c is