ORIGEN DE LA CRISIS DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA
La Eurozona fue creada el 1º de enero de 1999, y es el conjunto de estados miembros de la Unión Europea que han adoptado el euro como moneda oficial (hasta ahora 16 Estados), formando así una unión monetaria. El mercado común es más amplio porque incluye a países que continuaron con sus monedas como Suiza y el Reino Unido por ejemplo. Por ahora son 16 los miembros que forman la eurozona: Alemania, Austria, Bélgica, Chipre, Eslovaquia, Eslovenia, España, Finlandia, Francia, Grecia, Irlanda, Italia, Luxemburgo, Malta, Países Bajos y Portugal. Es importante entender entonces que estamos hablando de 16 países que tienen una misma moneda (el Euro), y que, por lo tanto, no pueden realizar individualmente
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La UE se encuentra condicionada por su dependencia de inversores foráneos y fondos especulativos que revolotean por el mundo en busca de alta rentabilidad bajo la opacidad de las finanzas globales.
El problema no es nuevo, las primeras señales de alarma sonaron antes del lanzamiento del euro en 1999. Incluso, muchos economistas se oponían a una creación prematura del euro porque no tenían un nivel de integración política y económica que pudiera sostener la moneda. Lo cual no ha cambiado.
Críticos de la actual estructura de la UE señalan que, si se procedió a avanzar con el euro, se debe al cuarto pecador de la crisis griega.
4) Desregulación financiera
La desregulación financiera y las facilidades dadas por los estados para atraer capitales debilitaron las regulaciones más básicas, además los puso en competencia a quien ofreciera más facilidades y menos impuestos al capital. El déficit fiscal y el endeudamiento público se convirtieron en dos caras de la misma moneda. Un claro ejemplo de esto, es lo ocurrido con Goldman Sachs, señalado a continuación.
5) El amigo estadounidense
En el 2001, Grecia llega a un acuerdo con Goldman Sachs (uno de los grupos de inversión más grandes del mundo) donde este se compromete a ayudar al gobierno de Atenas a conseguir miles de millones de euros en financiación, lo cual fue ocultado a la luz pública
The financial crisis in Argentina during the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in severe issues with foreign debt, inflation, unemployment, and political turmoil for the country. Argentina not only suffered a currency crisis, but also suffered a political crisis. Fallout from the economic collapse was so severe the Argentinean population resorted to civil unrest and protest, which in turn exacerbated Argentina’s problems at the turn of the century. While other issues related to this financial crisis such as the impact on the lives of the Argentinean population or the political turmoil and corruption are certainly worthy of discussion, this paper will focus on the currency crisis and the Argentinean government’s role in this economic
Breitfelder, M. (1998). The Euro Currency Age: Challenges and Opportunities for U.S. Businesses. Business America, 119 (7), 33.
The financial crisis of 2008 has been described as the worst financial crisis the world has seen since the great depression, but there are now murmurings of the potential for an even greater financial crisis, a currency crisis, caused by the demise of the US Dollar. The Dollar has been the reserve currency of the world since it took over from the Pound at the end of world war two, but we examine if it is about to crash spectacularly?
Initially the country’s bank currency had been viewed as inflexible since it was anchored on the depreciating worth of the
The people of El Salvador have faced many hardships in recent years. From civil war, earthquakes to inhumane living conditions. In return forcing El Salvador to adopt the US dollar. Yet, this adoption wasn’t a move preventing economic decline but rather a move of strength. As stated by Juan Jose Daboub, the finance minister, “Salvador decided to dollarize to armor-plate its economy. It is an integral part of our reforms. [Dollarization] makes the changes permanent. [We have] a low fiscal deficit and a low level of debt. Dollarization reduces interest rates and increases [the economy's] predictability, which is a boost for investment” (Emmott, 2002). Juan Jose Daboub was in fact right about this plan of Dollarization in El Salvador.
From the perspective of monetary mechanism, this paper explains that the essence of petrodollar system is struggling over the gains to be had from producing the world 's leading currency. Furthermore, taking Euro as an example, this paper pointed out that the potential inflationary pressure to strike the United States financial environment after the collapse of petrodollar system. By maintaining current monetary system and getting rid of tremendous budgetary deficit, this paper also gives several useful solutions that should be used to against economic rift between the U.S. and other countries and protect national economic security.
Over the next couple of weeks Mexico’s reserves dropped nearly $4 billion, to $121⁄2 billion. The reasons for renewed pressure on the peso in mid-December are unclear. Banco de Mexico cites several factors, the negative effects of higher real interest rates on financial intermediaries and debtors, market worries that the current account deficit would be difficult to finance in 1995, a breakdown in negotiations with the rebels in Chiapas. It is also possible that leaked rumors of changes in exchange rate policy set off another round of capital flight. In any event, over three days Mexico lost another $1.5 billion in reserves.
The 1994 Mexican Peso Crisis was a relatively short crisis. The economic policies of the Mexican government needs reviewing before going into the devaluation of the peso and the crisis itself. The President before the Mexican Peso crisis was Carlos Salinas during his administration Mexico continued a series of reform started by previous administrations in which they restructured their foreign debt, reduced their inflation rate, cut trade barriers and privatized various government institutions. Mexico had reduced tariffs on imports and stabilized their inflation rate because of their exchange rate policies. The deregulation or lack of proper regulation and changes in their monetary and fiscal policy can have a great effect on a countries economy. The beginnings of the problem started when Mexico privatized their banks. Privatization is when “a country divests itself of the ownership and operation of a business venture by turning it over to the free market system (Eun, Resnick 14).
To achieve this goal, I analyzed the Brazil banking sector response to the global financial crisis effect due to the tightening of credit and higher exchange rate. Next, I researched the impacts on the Brazilian economy affecting its imports and exports. Thirdly, impacts on the Brazil’s currency, and lastly a conclusion on the actions and impacts of the Brazil response to the financial crisis. I also include an appendix after the Works Cited that contains images of the
The Mexican Peso Crisis can be traced to the decision of then president Zedillo’s decision to reverse the government’s then policy that imposes tight controls on the Mexican Peso. This decision is considered by critics as an important factor that led to the Mexican Peso Crisis
In order to prevent the current crisis from deepening, immediate actions are required from the major industrial countries and from the international community. There is evidence that the world economy is experiencing a major slowdown, which may deepen if inadequately managed. For example, Japan is in its worst recession since the war, much of East and South-East Asia is in depression, Russia is experiencing a major downturn, growth has stalled in Latin America, and the prices of primary commodities and a number of manufactures are falling in international markets. Authorities in the industrial countries must nonetheless continue to be alert. Several downside risks still remain, and current policies may prove insufficient to prevent the world economy from slipping into recession. Expansionary fiscal policies may be required in other industrial economies, in addition to Japan. It is also crucial that the rules of an open international trading system should operate smoothly, allowing the economies that face adjustment to reduce their deficits or generate trade surpluses with the more vigorous industrial economies.
The 1982 Latin America, 1997 East Asia and 2008 subprime financial crisis had a profound impact on the regional and world real economy. two sentences about how big of an impact each of them had on the real economy. These crisis have also triggered off a very fierce debate about the impact of the neoliberal era and the structure of the modern financial system. From the neoclassical perspective each of these crisis required a new model to explain past events but it always viewed the crisis to be cause by an external factor, a distortion to the market mechanism. As a result of these crisis a discourse, which does not accept the neoclassical assumptions about the economy has attracted more attention. When the market primacy
To explain a little more about the history of introducing the euro, throughout the 1960s on to the 1980s the EEC helped break down cultural barriers between European countries. This resulted in a “boom”, and people form the Western Countries became richer than ever
In 1999 seventeen countries in the European Union adopted the Euro forming a Euro Area. With the adoption of the Euro these seventeen countries discontinued their old currencies and monetary policies. Monetary Policies
A review of currency devaluation will set the stage for an analysis of the case and Argentina’s response to their lengthy crisis. Currency