Peter was born after an uneventful pregnancy and weighed 3.1kg. At 3 months, he developed otitis media and an upper respiratory tract infection. At the ages of 5 months and 11 months, he was admitted to hospital with Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia. The infections responded promptly to the appropriate antibiotics on each occasion. He is the fourth child of unrelated parents: his three sisters show no predisposition to infection.
Examination at the age of 18 months showed a pale, thin child whose height and weight were below the third centile. There were no other abnormal features. He had been fully immunized as an infant (at 2, 3 and 4 months) with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, whole-cell pertussis, Haemophilus conjugate vaccine and oral
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He was given the appropriate treatment. Over the following 2 years, his health steadily improved: his weight and height are now on the 10th centile, and he has had only one episode of otitis media in the last 18 months
Lab tests: *Normal range for age 18 months shown in brackets.
Quantitative serum immunoglobulins (g/l)
IgG 0.17 [5.5-10.0]
IgA Not detected [0.3-0.8]
Mosaed Alobaidallah BMS 581 Exam#4
IgM 0.07
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A chest X-ray was normal but lung function tests showed reversible airways obstruction. Skin tests showed an immediate reaction to six common antigens.
1.What is the clinical diagnosis?
The patient has allergic asthma.
2.Why did the patient has skin tests?
The skin test was ordered to identify the allergen that causing asthma symptoms.
3.What is the immediate treatment and what is the longterm treatment?
The immediate treatment: This type of treatments helps to relieve asthma symptoms when they happen, and there are several types of this treatment:
• Short-acting beta agonists
• Ipratropium (Atrovent)
• Oral and intravenous corticosteroids
The longterm treatment: this type of treatments helps to prevent and control asthma symptoms, and patients need to take this type of medicine everyday for best result. There are several types of longterm treatment:
• Inhaled corticosteroids
• Leukotriene modifiers
Mosaed Alobaidallah BMS 581 Exam#4
• Long-acting beta agonists
• Combination inhalers: contain a long-acting beta agonist with a corticosteroid.
• Theophylline
Part 2
Discuss the following briefly:
1. What is the microenvironment in the
The aggressive treatment by the physician is necessary due to the immature immune system and the susceptibility to illness. Infections that are left
I adopted certain habits that I felt would assist in preventing the asthma from worsening. I exercised on a daily basis in order to keep weight off. I also avoided known triggers for asthma, which included wearing my SCBa until all
Another treatment is and oxygen treatment which gives you extra oxygen and you wear a mask which you can carry with you or go to the doctor. Some have small oxygen where you carry in backpack but you would need to carry with you at all times. Lastly, surgery with is not really used when someone has COPD and only for those whom have a severe COPD and the treatment does not improve with other treatment listed above. Prevention really is to just stop smoking and exposure to
There are many different ways to treat and manage asthma symptoms. Usually steroids are used to take care of asthma but there are some other treatments too. Bronchodilators are one of those treatments. There are many kinds of bronchodilators and work by opening the airway. A few different bronchodilators are Short-term B2 agonists and Long-term B2 agonists. Short term bronchodilators are what rescue inhalers primarily are. These “provide quick, temporary relief from asthma symptoms or flare-ups” says Gstatic.com Long-term B2 agonists are preventatives to try and not let symptoms arrive in the first place. Steroids and steroidal inhalers are some more short term symptom managers. They work by stimulating hormones in your body to reduce inflammation
In order to treat this disease, smokers need to participate in smoking cessation which involves the most important step, to stop smoking. Medications to help treat COPD include bronchodilators, such as inhalers, which relax muscles around the air way. Inhaled steroids can reduce air way inflammation and help prevent exacerbations. Lung therapies include oxygen therapy which will help increase blood oxygen. If severe enough, surgeries such as lung volume reduction surgery, lung transplants, and a bullectomy may be
HPI: Pt presents with c/o increased SOB that has worsen over the last few months. Chronic cough that is occasionally productive with whitish sputum. Hinders his ADLs.
The key to treat lung symptoms is to release the mucus out of lungs and clear the blockage. There is a treatment called the chest therapy, which a patient is at laying position and a helper gently taps patient’s chest and back with cupped hands to push the mucus out of the lung. There is also an equipment that patients wear as a vest that vibrates, which it helps to encourage patients to do the therapy on their own. Other types of treatments are taking antibiotics, which treat lung infections and promote healthier lungs. Often, patients take the medications that dilute the thickened mucus and inhale a vapor to open up the clogged
An illness that is found in children of this age is chickenpox. Although it used to be very common, it is now rarer
The most important treatment is to quit smoking, if you are a smoker, and your doctor will assist you with the program that can help you to quit, and avoid other lungs irritants. There are also medications that can help to relieve your symptoms like bronchodilators depending on the severity of your COPD, as there is short acting and long acting bronchodilators. These bronchodilators are used through inhaler which helps to deliver the medicine into your lungs. If your COPD is severe and flare up more often the Pulmonologist (doctor who studies and treats the disease of the lungs) may combine Glucocorticosteroids (steroid) with your bronchodilator inhaler. Diets and exercises also plays major roles in the treatments of COPD, meanwhile, you may be restricted from eating certain foods or eating less, or frequently to prevent symptoms to flare up. Moderate exercise can also be suggested to strengthen the muscle of your lungs and to increase your overall
An education program is essential if a patient or caregiver is going to be successful in managing asthma symptoms. A one on one patient education program should be developed. First, the educations should focus on the basic facts about asthma which includes; defining well controlled asthma, purpose of medications, and appropriate use of inhaler devices.
Anti-inflammatory drugs like the steroid inhaler are the most important treatment for most asthma patients. Inhaled steroids, work by reducing swelling and mucus production in the airways, as a result, the airways are less sensitive and less likely to react to asthmatic triggers that cause asthma attacks. Bronchodilators are medications that relieve symptoms of asthma by relaxing the muscles that tighten around the airways. The two types of bronchodilators are long-acting and short-acting. Short-acting bronchodilators are often referred to as rescue inhalers and are used to quickly relieve coughing, wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath caused by asthma. It should not be used as a daily routine treatment of asthma; however patients with exercise-induced asthma can use it prior to exercise. Long-acting bronchodilators are sometimes used with the combination of inhaled steroids for control of asthma symptoms or for someone with ongoing asthma symptoms despite treatment of daily inhaled steroids. Long-acting bronchodilators are never used alone as long term therapy for asthma. A statement from National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Laboratory says that “inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred medicine for long term control of asthma” (2014 URL). Two types of equipment used to deliver asthma drugs to the lungs are the inhalers and nebulizers. The inhaler is the most common and effective way to administer through the airway. The nebulizer is an asthma drug delivery machine that can be used if a patient has difficulty with the smaller inhalers. Other drugs are: Cromolyn, a medicine that helps prevent airway inflammation, omalizumab; an injection given one or two times a month to prevent asthma triggers like pollen and dust mites, prednisone;an anti-inflammatory drug used for serious asthma attacks, and prevents the release of substances
Currently, physicians will perform a variety of tests to diagnose asthma. Physical exams are done to cross out respiratory infections and COPD. Pulmonary function tests are given to conclude how much air moves in and out of lungs as breathing occurs. Spirometry and Peak flow meters are utilized to perform lung function tests. Patients will need to sit in front of a machine to be fitted with a mouth piece. The mouthpiece needs to fit snug for the reason that all the air that the patient breathes goes into the machine. Patients will also need to wear a nose clip so that air won’t come out through their nose. The physician or RT will instruct the patient to breathe in and out deeply and quickly for several seconds. The
In short, the best way to treat lung disease is to avoid the risks in the first place. Once it has set in, minimize the impact of the disease through smoking cessation and clean air. Oxygen therapy may be required. Those with advanced lung disease may find elderly services a literal
Breathing techniques such as inhaling through the nose and breathing out from the mouth slowly can be helpful for a patient to be aware of. Last, the patient should always have the physician’s information if asthma attacks become more frequent or they believe their inhaler to not be helping.
Your doctor may diagnose the condition based on your medical and family histories, a physical exam, and some test results. The doctor will also find out the severity of your asthma, such as intermittent, mild, moderate or severe. The levels will determine what treatment is best to use. You might need to see an asthma specialist if you need special test to help with diagnosing you have asthma, had a life threatening asthma attack, if you want to get allergy treatments, or if you need more than one medication or higher doses to control your asthma, or if you can’t seem to get your asthma under control. Your doctor may ask you a few questions. Be sure to let them know how often, when and where your asthma symptoms