PSYCHOLOGY MODELS IN PROBLEM SOLVING BEHAVIOURISM Edward L. Thorndike is an American behaviourist

Behaviourist approach has may strengths to its findings, there has a been a vast amount of experiments from other theorists that support the theory. However, many weaknesses can be highlighted. One is how using rewards or other means to shape behaviour can be argued that the individual is only motivated for these rewards which can encourage a shallow and materialistic style. Another limitation that can be mentioned is that that behaviourist research was widely carried out on animals, for instance Skinner’s rats, Watson’s cats and Pavlov’s dogs. We cannot compare human behaviour to that of an animal. We cannot be 100% certain that humans would act the same way as the animals experimented on (McLeod,2017). As well as this, another criticism states how even though you can change someone’s behaviour in one environment, what happens when the individual goes to a different environment where positive behaviour isn’t reinforced. O’Brien gives an example of if a teacher changed a challenging child’s behaviour at school but then the child went home to the same environment as before, the child would find it increasingly hard to stick to the changed behaviour (O’Brien 2016). I feel that I can relate to this with a child I have in my class. I have managed through positive reinforcement to change his behaviour that he showed in previous classes, however when communicating with his carer it is noted that his previous behaviour is still present in his home environment.

A few different approaches to problem solving exist. One of these approaches, the Gestalt approach, involves how a problem is represented in the mind (Goldstein, 2015).

The basic assumption of the behaviourist approach is that all behaviour is learned through experiences a person has in their environment. From this we know that behaviourists are on the side of nature in the “nature vs. nurture” debate. In comparison bio psychologists will be firmly on the side of nurture.

The Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology In this essay I am going to explore two of the major approaches to Psychology, Cognitive theories and Behaviorist theories. I will discuss in some detail the two approaches, state how they compare and illustrate the similarities and the differences between them. John Watson, one of the founders of Behaviorism, based his theories on the principles of learning outlined by Pavlov who suggested the theory known as Classical Conditioning; he trained dogs to salivate whenever he rang a bell. Dogs have a natural reflex response to salivate when they see food, Pavlov rang a bell when the dogs were given food and after several repetitions of this

My theoretical approach of choice is Cognitive- Behavioral Theories. Cognitive – Behavioral therapy is based on the idea that cognitions mediate (lead to) behavioral change (Powers and Kalodner, 2016). This theory resonates with me because I have always been interested in why people behave the way that they do. I believe it to be interesting, to see the way in which thoughts affect behavior. I chose the video cognitive –behavioral therapy with John Krumboltz because I wanted to see how this theory was applied to a pressing issue.

A school based therapeutic mentoring program will be more effective using psychodynamic supportive therapy than cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing problematic behaviors in youth in foster care.

After reading the article by Robert Puff, there are examples of both cognitive behavioral theory and conflict management. First, cognitive behavioral theory is the idea that cognition, emotion, and behavior all interface with each other which is displayed in the article through a patient named Felicia. One night, Felicia’s husband made a wounding comment regarding her weight. After, her husband immediately apologized feeling extremely culpable for his damaging words towards his wife. Consequently, Felicia self esteem was severely damaged. Sadly, Felicia continued to allow the comment to linger in her mind for a decade without overcoming it for herself. In result, the comment affected how Felicia thought, felt, and acted which related back to

The qualities of the behaviourist approach are that behaviourism depends on detectable practices, so it is less demanding to evaluate and gather information and data when directing examination. Since research and trial is an intense apparatus in giving clarifications and clear confirmations about a specific wonder, early scholars and defenders of behaviourism took pride in starting the investigations of noticeable practices instead of those that can't be watched and

Out of the all of the five major contemporary paradigms which suits my current typical behavior and personality is Behavior Paradigm. Behavior Paradigm uses Observable Behavior, doesn’t matter what occurs in an individual’s mental processes, although their actions have a bigger impact. This specific paradigm also uses Operant Conditioning, which is learning by consequence of environment. Lastly, this paradigm uses classical conditioning, which is learning by association.

Edward Lee Thorndike was one of the earliest Behaviourists. At the time, introspection was used to study mental states and consciousness. Thorndike rejected the use of introspection for three reasons. Thorndike believed that studying objective behaviour could expand the scope of psychology. Secondly, mental states can be studied by other means, introspection as a superior form of investigation is based on misconception because mental states can be studied objectively. Lastly, consciousness is linked to behaviour and actions as such, it can only be studied through behaviour (Farrell 2014 p.g. 367). Other behaviourists such as Watson also rejected introspection for because subjective data was unreliable (Farrell 2014

The behavioral theory that I chose to write on is, ecological theory, it can have an influence on the entire classroom along with the engagement that my students have with each other. Classroom transitions are important no matter if it is just from one center to another center, or moving from the classroom to another place throughout the school. Classroom rules is a way to help students learn how to act in school, they will be presented with good academic or behavioral rewards to keep them motivated. I will use my knowledge and researched knowledge about the ecological theory to help me choose certain rules, procedure, awards, and engagement for my future classroom.

Behavioral Learning Theories Most theorists agree that learning occurs when experience causes a change in a person's knowledge or behavior . Behaviorists emphasize the role of environmental stimuli in learning and focus on the behavior, i.e., an observable response. Behavioral theories are based on contiguity, classical and operant conditioning, applied behavior analysis, social learning theory and self-regulation/cognitive behavior modification. Early views of learning were contiguity and classical conditioning.

Behavioral Theory. Behavioral Theory can be also allied with Reality Therapy. The most basic assumption of behavior theory is that since feelings, emotions and thoughts are immeasurable, thus, the most effective way to help clients is through observing their behaviors. This can lead the counselor to being able to effectively assist the client (Okun & Kantrowitz, 2008). Behavior theory also stresses that a person is shaped by learning and environment. Heavy emphasis is put on current manners and treatment goals as well as how to change undesirable behaviors. The general aspirations are to increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning. An aim is to eliminate maladaptive behaviors and to replace them with constructive

There are two theories that can be used to describe Scott’s action is this scenario. Firstly, according to the behavioral perspective it analyzes how individuals learn new behaviors while modifying existing ones this is also dependent on whether events in there environments rewards or punish these behaviors. Scott’s environment is responsible for his behavior as we can see no evidence of discipline being used to punish him for such behaviors. B. F. Skinner explains operant conditioning as a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences. It is clearly seen by this theory Scott’s behavior was positively reinforced because no step was taken as a form of consequence to prevent him from this deviant behavior towards his schoolmates, siblings and community members. Secondly, Psychodynamics perspective explains the psychology of mental or emotional forces or processes developing especially in early childhood and their effects on behavior. Scott's behavior

A significant piece of several psychological theories in the late nineteenth century was introspection, which is “the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes” (Press, 2013). In retort to this theory behaviorism came about. Behaviorism is predominantly concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. In other words behaviorism does not look at the biological aspects but it suggests that all behaviors are learned habits and changes in response to the environment. It endeavors to explain how these particular habits are formed. Behaviorism claimed that the causes of behavior was not necessarily found in the complexities of the mind but could be observed in one’s immediate environment, from stimuli that produced, reinforced, and punished certain responses also known later on as conditioning. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that the scientist began to discover the actual systems to learning, thereby laying a foundation for behaviorism. A theorist by the name of Ivan Pavlov was a major contribution to the discovering of significant behavioral theories.