Pan Am 103
Max Gaines
Middle Tennessee State University
Abstract
Pan Am flight 103 was just a normal routine transatlantic flight that took off from San Francisco and was en-route to London for its first layover. The flight took place on December 21st, 1988. Pan Am flight 103 was on its transatlantic leg when it was blown into pieces by a bomb. The explosion killed all 259 passengers on board and took 11 lives on the ground in Lockerbie, Scotland. Right after the crash everyone believed it to be a terrorist attack. It took a three-year investigation from the FBI until they found the link to two Liberian nationalists. In 1999, Gaddafi finally handed over the two men for trial. One of the men was sentenced to life in prison. He
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The airport only had one NOTAM that the crew needed to worry about- there was some construction going on the outer taxiway. This had no factor at all on the crew or the accident. The departure was just like any other departure. Everything was routine and nothing seemed out of the ordinary. (NTSB, 1988)
The Boeing 747 took runaway 27R and began its route to New York Kennedy at 1825 hours Zulu, just 21 minutes after being pushed back from gate Kilo-14. When flight 103 took off they were tracking the Burnham VOR. As they started to approach the Burnham VOR, the Boeing 747 changed to a heading of 350 degrees. They were then cleared up to FL 120 and then to their cruising altitude of FL 310. Once the Boeing 747 obtained their cruising altitude of FL 310, they were North-West of the Pole Hill VOR about 26 minutes after takeoff. “Approximately 7 minutes later, Shanwick Oceanic Control transmitted the aircraft’s oceanic clearance but this transmission was not acknowledged” (NTSB, 1988). During the second transmission, flight 103 disappeared from the radar. The radar then picked up two different trails of debris from the aircraft explosion. Some debris went as far as the east coast of England. When the explosion occurred, the winds were between 250 degrees and 260 degrees and were around 115 kts at FL 310. As the altitude decreased so did the wind strength. At FL 100 the
On September 11, 2001 the United States became ground for numerous terrorist attacks, killing many innocent Americans. One of the attacks included the crashing of United Airlines Flight 93. The plan crashed at 10:03 A.M into a field in Shanksville Pennsylvania at 580 mph. It was Boeing 757 that held 37 passengers and 7 crew members that all were killed from the crash. The flights path was originally suppose to fly from Newark, New Jersey to San Francisco, California, until four Muslim Hijackers took control of the plane and were headed toward Washington D.C (Avery). The passengers were frightened for their lives and several were able to make phone calls to their families to say their last goodbyes before the crash. When the passengers were
The plane then reportedly filled with thick smoke with flames shooting from the rear of the plane. The passengers struggled to get though either the emergency exits or through holes in fuselage that were torn open due to the crash. The rescue effort was also slowed due to power outages on the field. The bay doors for the rescue vehicles needed to be open manually slowing the rescue crews from getting to the plane. Overall a total of 11 people died including Captain Richard W. Bushmann, a 20-year veteran with American Airlines. 83 of the 143 passengers were injured.
There were no known survivors in this crash that had boarded this flight. All 9/11 attacks were planned by Al Qaeda. The intention of the attacks were to disrupt the Western economies, as well as to strike fear into the world. This terrorism was a form of both economic and social. It was the intention of the attackers to impose on the direct and secondary costs of the target nation, being the United States. There were other nations that was also a part of
The four planes were hijacked by members of Al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda was “a loose collection of militant Islamic groups led by Osama bin Laden.” (Langly). All men, women, and children in the planes died.
While civilians watched the North Tower disappear in the mist of smoke another plane was enroute towards the World Center after also being
On a quiet Tuesday morning at 8:45 September 11, 2001, a 767 was fully loaded and ready for departure. When an Islamic extremist group called Al-Qaeda, hijacked the plane and crashed into on of the World Trade Center Towers. On the 80th story of a 110 story building. It instantly killed all in the plane and many in the tower. 18 short minutes later another 757 United Airline disappeared into the second building. This plane crashed into the south side of the second building on the 60th floor killing all in the plane as well.
It took over 11 years to get the suspects of the bombing of Pam Am flight 103 to trial. The two suspects of the bombing were in Libya. Muammar Qaddafi refused to cooperate with the United States and the United Kingdom with extradition requests. The United Nation’s Security Council imposed sanctions over Libya to pressure cooperation with the extradition request.
Nineteen terrorist on the morning of September 11, 2001, managed to get through security check points and board four airplanes ( Taylor A., Steedman S, 2003, December. The evolution of Airline Security 9/11) Retrieved January 12, 2016). At 8:45 in the morning an airplane fueled with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel crashed into the 110-story skyscaper and left a burning hole near the 80th floor.The impact killed hundreds of people and trapped hundreds more on higher floors. Thousands began to flee the fiery tower but 18 miinutes after the first plane hit, flight 175 came out of the sky and crashed into the 60th floor of the South tower. CITE HISTORY CHANNEL( conclusion)
All leaving and entering Boston. The two other planes involved in the 9/11 terrorist attacks had slightly different routes. The first, an American Airlines Boeing 767-222 left the airport in Washington D.C., headed for Los Angeles. Once hijacked, the attackers steered the plane towards the Pentagon where they slammed into the west side of the building, workplace to twenty four thousand people (Schmemann). After learning about the other attacks, passengers on the fourth plane, United Airlines Boeing 767-222, Flight 93, decided to take matter into their own hands. Fighting back, the passengers were able to steer the plane from its original target, Washington D.C., and crashed into a field in Pennsylvania, killing everyone
The plane was piloted by plot leader Mohammed Atta. At 9:03, United Airlines Flight One hundred seventy five strikes the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The plane driven by Marwan al Shehhi.
On September 11, 2001, at 8:45 a.m. on a sunny Tuesday morning, a 767, American Airlines Flight 11, loaded with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, near the 80th floor of the 110-story skyscraper. Instantly killing hundreds of people. Media streamed it as a freak accident. Then, 18 minutes after the first plane hit, a second 767, United Airlines Flight 175, sliced into the south tower near the 60th floor. The collision caused an explosion that showered burning debris over surrounding buildings and the streets below. America was under attack. However, the attacks performed on September 11, 2001 were not committed by Al-Qaeda but a conspiracy performed by the United States.
On June 1st, 1999 American Airlines flight 1420 experienced a tragic accident that claimed many lives and made an impact on aviation worldwide. The event and it subsequent investigation shed
United Airlines 93 was headed toward the White House. It was carrying only 45 passengers and 4 hijackers. It was crashed into rural Pennsylvania only 2 miles East of a School (Wheeler, 2002). It crashed do to 3 brave men who overtook the cockpit and crashed it to save more lives (Stewart, 2002). Unlike the 3 other flights this group of terrorist failed their mission (Stewart, 2002). Everyone aboard this plane died in the crash (Wheeler, 2002).
The most devastating terrorist attack in history started to take shape early in the morning of September 11, 2001 as Mohammed Atta and Abdulaziz al-Omari boarded a plane from Maine to Boston, Massachusetts at 6:00 a.m. At 7:35 a.m. those two boarded American Airlines, Flight 11, and the rest of the hijackers boarded together at 7:45 a.m. That plane departed at 7:59 a.m. At 8:14 a.m. two hijackers ride from seats 2A and 2B and stab two flight attendants followed by Atta from seat 8D who went to the cockpit. Before 8:20 a.m., he had the cockpit under his control. At 8:14 a.m. another airline, United Airlines Flight 175 departs from Logan International Airport in Boston; its destination was also Los Angeles International Airport. Five hijackers are aboard, one of which communicated with Mohammed Atta shortly before American Airlines Flight 11 's takeoff. At 8:20 a.m., American Airlines Flight 77 took off heading for Los Angeles International Airport with five hijackers aboard. At 8:26 a.m., Flight 11 makes a 100 degree turn toward New York City. At 8:42 a.m., United Airlines Flight 93 takes off with 4 hijackers after the duration of a 40-minute delay. This flight initially passes the World Trade Center’s just three minutes before being
9/11, one of the most tragic events in the history of America occurred when four airliners got hijacked by a group of terrorists when then used each plane to crash into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania. Police, firefighters, paramedics rushing to every scene to help the people who got injured but a-lot of people died during these tragic events. On June 11, 1971, the aircraft was scheduled to fly from Chicago, IL to New York’s JFK airport but the hijacker entered the aircraft killing one of the passengers and ordered for the pilot to fly to North Vietnam. When the passengers got off the aircraft, a US Marshall entered the aircraft and captured the hijacker. On July 5, 1972, the aircraft scheduled to fly from Sacramento to San Francisco was hijacked by two armed men who wanted the aircraft to fly into the Soviet Union. An FBI Agent who posed as the pilot was unknown to the hijackers and three other FBI Agents made themselves close enough to the entry door to climb the aircraft. A huge gun battle broke out with 1 of the passengers dying, both hijackers dying, and two others being wounded.