Measles, also known as Rubeola, or Morbill, is a deadly endemic infectious disease. Measles is caused by a virus in the paramyxovirus family, and is mostly spread by coughing, sneezing, personal contact, and is passed up in the air reaching to others. Measles develops soon as the virus enters the body it expands in the back of the throat, lungs, and the lymphatic system. It then goes down to the urinary tract and replicates reaching to the eyes, blood vessels, and central nervous system. The earliest and known of the disease started during The Plague of Justinian which spread out towards the Eastern Mediterranean, African and Parts of Europe. About over 10,000 people died and there was no space to bury bodies. Corpses were piled on top of each other and others were laid and set adrift on ships. This Outbreak brought fear and confusion for people not knowing how infectious this disease was and how it was passed on.
Signs and Symptoms of Measles include high fever (Begins about 10-12 days after being affected by virus), cough, runny nose, sneezing, red watery eyes, swollen eyelids,
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It affects 90% of people who are exposed to it. Measles is the leading death of children. In the year of 2015 about 134,200 children died that’s about 367 deaths every day or 15 deaths for every hour. But over the course years of 2000-2015 the MMR vaccination prevented death by an estimated 20.3 million, this was one of the best buys in public health. Scientists still haven’t found any right treatments to kill the virus completely. It is still best to get a Vaccine to prevent getting measles and also practicing good hygiene by washing your hands with soap and water often or using a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, not touching your eyes, mouth, or nose unless your hands are clean, covering your nose and mouth with you sneeze or cough with a tissue, and avoiding contact with people who are
Around 10 days after you get the measles infection, the following symptoms begin to appear:
In early April 2013 a measles outbreak was discovered in North Carolina. By mid-May the outbreak had been identified in Stokes and Orange Counties via 23 active cases. Every case was linked back to a family that had spent 3 months in India and had not been vaccinated. By the 16th of April the state laboratory of Public Health was able to confirm the diagnosis, with the last known case being confirmed on May 7th. The investigation of this outbreak revealed 4 patients with a confirmed diagnosis that had received one of vaccination of the two part series. The other 19 cases had not ever been vaccinated.
One in every 1000 children who contract measles will develop encephalitis, one in 1000 children will die from it, and 25% will have neurological brain damage (National Center for Immunizations n.d.). Morbidity: The most common is ear infections--one in every 20 people with measles will have permanent hearing damage (CDC, 2015). Expectant mothers who contract the disease can go into premature labor and birth, have a spontaneous abortion, or deliver a low birth weight baby.
(Center For Disease Control).Those at greatest risk for contracting the disease are individuals who do not vaccinate or children to young to receive the vaccine. Signs and symptoms of measles include high fevers up to 104 degrees Fahrenheit, rash, cough, conjunctivitis and runny nose. Many other complications may evolve once a person is infected with measles some being otitis media and pneumonia. The infected person is contagious roughly about 4 days prior to the rash forming and for about 4-5 days after the rash disappears. Most people that have died from the disease did not die from measles but the complications of measles and secondary illnesses. (The History Of Vaccines).
According to the Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases textbook aka “The Pink Book” (2015) which was produced jointly by the Communication and Education Branch, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Measles is a paramyxovirus with the primary site of infection in the nasopharynx. It has an incubation period of 10-12 days. The first symptoms to occur are fevers (increasing stepwise 103-105 degrees), cough, runny nose and conjunctivitis approximately 2-3 days after exposure and last 2-4 days. The second part of the infection occurs approximately 14 days after exposure; which is evidence by Koplik spots on the oral mucosa. Then, 1-2 days later, a maculopapular rash develops along the hair line, face,
3 Suspected Measles cases reported from two facilities after the on job training (the facility staffs didn’t know Suspected Measles case is reportable)
In Michelle Fox’s article, Expect measles outbreak to continue, says doctor, Dr. William Schaffner, Vanderbilt University’s School of Medicine, says that the outbreak will continue for some time because there is a sufficient number of unvaccinated children to continue the spread of measles. According to the CDC, there have been 84 cases of measles and 67 of those have been linked to the outbreak at Disney. Dr. Schaffner also reiterates that measles can be brought to the United States from overseas. If someone from another country comes here with measles and is around unvaccinated children, there is potential to spread the disease.
In order to detect if a person has the mumps the first thing would be to look at the symptoms. Mainly the swollen jaws would be a good indication. After this confirming what we think is the next step so a sample must be collected. Depending on what exactly you are looking for and what type of test is to be done depends on what type of sample you must get. For a detection of the mumps antibody a blood sample is going to be the choice specimen. To get this sample a normal venipuncture procedure will be used. If you are testing for the virus in a culture there are several specimens that can be used. Examples include blood, urine, CSF, nasopharyngeal aspirate/washing and throat swabs (Measles and Mumps Tests). We use antibody testing most commonly to determine if a person has this virus. Once infected the body make IgM antibodies to the virus. Over time these antibodies disintegrate and IgG antibodies take their place forever, allowing the person to become immune to the mumps virus if ever in contact with it again. There is also another test that detects the genetic strain of the virus called the RT-PCR test (Measles and Mumps Tests). This is used to help determine a cause especially if the results do not match the doctors suspicions.
Usually a person doesn’t start to get symptoms of measles until they have been infected with the virus for 7-11 days. The symptoms are:
Mumps is a severe viral disease characterized by unilateral or bilateral tenderness or swollen lymph node or other salivary glands. Mumps travels through a person-to-person contact or through direct contact with respiratory drops or saliva from an infected person. Compared to measles and varicella, which can be transmitted through the spread of aerosols, mumps is less infectious and damaging.Mumps has symptoms that cause damage to adult males and
It replicates inside the nose, throat, and regional lymph nodes. Early symptoms are uncommon but may include fever, loss of appetite, muscle aches, and headache. High temperature, usually lasts for three to four days. (Mumps treatment, 2016). Also, eating or drinking acidic or citrus foods can cause discomfort. Other symptoms may include testicular pain in males, abdominal pain, seizures, stiff neck, weakness and fatigue and difficulty swallowing. Tenderness in the cheeks and under the jaw are also symptoms of the mumps. Often has the nickname “chipmunk cheeks” because of it’s ability to cause the parotid glands that produce saliva to swell up. (Everything about the mumps, 2016). Symptoms typically appear sixteen to eighteen days after the infection. Swelling usually lasts for about seven to ten days. Although, not everyone will have the typical symptoms; many infected people will just have respiratory symptoms or cold like symptoms. (CDC,
According to Rao and Andrade (2011), “Measles outbreaks in the UK in 2008 and 2009 as well as pockets of
The first sign of measles is usually a high fever, which begins about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus, and lasts 4 to 7 days. A runny nose, cough, red watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks can develop in the initial stage. After several days, a rash erupts, usually on the face and upper neck. Over about 3 days, the rash spreads, eventually reaching the hands and feet (Koplik spot). The rash lasts for 5 to 6 days, and then fades. On average, the rash occurs 14 days after exposure to the virus (within a range of 7 to 18 days).
a reddish bump known as Koplik's spots(Carson-DeWitt). Shortly after, the throat will become red, swollen, and sore(Carson-DeWitt). A couple of days after Koplik’s spots appear the actual measles rash begins, which progresses from the head, to the face and neck and to the trunk, and abdomen, next along the arms and legs(Carson-DeWitt). The rash appears to be flat, red patches, but eventually develops raised bumps. Once the rash starts to appear, the fever usually starts to climb higher reaching as high of 105 degrees fahrenheit(Carson-DeWitt). There may be vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, and swollen lymph nodes. Around this time the patient would be feeling awful. After 5 days the rash begins to fade, turns brown and starts to