Parasympathetic And Strengths

Contractility of ASM requires an increased levels of intracellular Ca2+. When surface receptors are not activated, Ca2+ levels are low. Upon activation of these cell surface receptors by contractile agonists e.g. acetylcholine, serotonin and histamine, intracellular Ca2+ increases causing a contraction (9). Smooth muscle cell contraction is controlled by both receptor and mechanical activation of proteins actin and myosin and also changes to membrane potential.

3. Considering your answers to Questions 1 and 2, why did activity in Annie’s motor nerves produce a skeletal muscle response that fatigued during repetitive stimulation?

1. Recall that Jim's heart and respiratory rate are increased, he was sweating and that his mouth was dry before the raise began. Explain what is happening to his autonomic nervous system (including which division is the most active) and specify exactly how those ANS responses are creating the symptoms noted. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this time? (8 points)

2. Discuss the biological processes that explain why peak contractile force changes with different stimulus strengths.

Discussion Questions: (Hint: Read the discussion of sensory and motor PATHWAYS in Chapter 15 and pay careful attention to where they cross over from right side to left side)

In this exercise, you examined the effect of increasing stimulus intensity on the nerve. What other stimulus parameter

3. How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together (what are some images and metaphors used to describe them)?

4. (6 pts) Move your eyes and look at the bee. (Create a table that describes which nerves control which muscles to cause the needed eye movements).

The sympathetic nervous system is controlled by the hypothalamus and transmits signals down the spinal cord to the periphery through alpha and beta receptor sites. Alpha receptor stimulation induces smooth muscles contraction in blood vessels and bronchioles. Beta receptors respond with smooth muscle relaxation in blood vessels and bronchioles. Controls the “fight or flight” response which controls sweating, pupil dilations, and temperate regulation. Loss to the sympathetic nervous system can disrupt homeostasis. The parasympathetic nervous system carries signals to the organs in the abdomen, heart, lungs, and skin above the waist. The parasympathetic nerves attempt to control a rapidly increasing blood pressure by slowing heart rate, this may happen when the sympathetic nervous system is

1. As you increase voltage to the muscle describe how it responds to the increased stimulus.

In the center of the iris is the pupil. Iris function is to control the size of the pupil. This pupil dilation allows a certain amount of light to enter the eye. A bright environment stimulates limiting diaphragm to contract the sphincter muscle and reducing the amount of light entering the eye. A dark room stimulates the dilator to relax and dilate in the effort to increase the amount of light entering the eye. The pupil constriction also occurs when the lens changes focus so that the eye can see something on a fence. This is known as the, Äúnear reflection., AU Sometimes the student does not respond properly due to problems in nerve or cranial

The oculomotor nerve controls the levator palpabrae superioris, superior rectus muscle, inferior rectus muscle and the inferior oblique muscle. Damage to the cranial nerve III would damage the short ciliary nerves which controls the iris. The only ocular muscle which is controlled by the trochlear nerve is the superior oblique muscle which will remain unaffected by the stroke or the

Fluid circulating inside the front portion of the eye is produced by a structure called the ciliary body, which is located behind the iris. This fluid moves through the opening of the pupil, passes into the space between the iris and the cornea, and drains out of the eye through a tissue called the angle. With glaucoma, the passing of fluid

Results: The results indicated a very highly significant decrease (P˂0.001) in total soluble lens protein and Na+-K+ATPase activity, a very highly significant increase (P˂0.001) in calcium lens content in selenite cataract group. Also significant changes in the molecular weight and area under peaks estimated in profile of electrophoretic mobility of lens proteins were found in selenite group. All these changes reduced markedly in caffeine and nifedipine group.