Parkinson's Disease
In 1817, James Parkinson published his famous treatise: "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy," describing the symptoms which now collectively bear his name. Although many scientists before his time had described various aspects of motor dysfunction (ataxia, paralysis, tremor) Parkinson was the first to collect them into a common syndrome; one which he believed formed a distinctive condition. His sixty-six page essay contained five chapters describing symptoms, differential diagnoses, causality, possible treatments, and prospects for future study. What is most intriguing concerning Parkinson’s analysis (besides its consistent accuracy) is the fact that his clinical observations and inferences were made by watching the
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These simple movements are referred to as akathesia and can occur during inactivity as well as with motion. Muscular rigidity, on the other hand, reveals an increase in tonicity of both flexors and extensors, especially in the distal limbs. Resistance to movement is seen to a point. However, if sufficient force is used, the muscles give and movement occurs briefly over a short distance. Rigidity is then re-initiated after the movement has stopped. This form of stepwise motions is referred to as cogwheel rigidity; its severity is variable depending on localization of the lesion, extent of neural damage, and progression of the disease over time. It is culminated by an increased slowness with difficulty beginning and continuing most every kind of movement.
Negative symptoms are not indicative of abnormal movements or actions. Rather, they are classified as revealing an absence or inability to perform certain behaviors. Such disorders fall into particular categories based on the type of movement in which the patient is deficient. There are three such categories: disorders of posture, locomotion, and speech. Disorders of posture are divided into deficits of equilibrium and fixation. Disorders of fixation center on the inability of a patient to begin or to maintain a part of his/her body in its normal position. Usually what is seen is a drooping
A lesser-known type of CP that affects 5-10% of patients is called ataxic CP (www.ucp.org). This form affects the patients’ sense of balance leaving them with poor coordination. It is difficult for them to move quickly or make specific movements. Writing and buttoning their own shirt can be a difficult task for people with ataxic CP. A tremor in the body part they are attempting to use can be present as well.
○ Decerebrate response (i.e., involuntary extension or flexion of the arms) to painful stimulus is an ominous sign
Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting primarily the patient’s motor function. The disease is characterized by rigidity, tremor at rest, bradykinesis, and decreased postural reflexes (Bollinger, Cowan, LaFontaine, Ronai, 2012). Parkinson disease was largely documented and brought to the forefront by James Parkinson, who published an article discussing the condition in 1817 (Lees, 2007). While great strides in understanding and treatment have been made, Parkinson disease is still considered an idiopathic disease (Lau & Breteler, 2006). Many areas of the disease process have been noted, but no one has been marked as the primary causative process, as well as little has been solidified in diagnostic procedures
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. The loss of dopamine neurons in the mid-brain substantia nigra region leads to Parkinson’s, in which a person has rigidity, slowness of movement, postural instability, and typically a resting tremor. It develops gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. But while a tremor may be the most common sign of Parkinson’s disease, the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of
Parkinson Disease is a brain disorder that affects movement, loss of muscle control and balance. The first symptoms usually include a tremor of the hand, foot, or leg which is often termed as a “shaky palsy.” The disease usually slowly progresses with symptoms getting more intense over many years. Some patients who develop Parkinson’s in their younger years have faster, more rapid, symptom signs. Much quicker than those who develop the disease at an older age. Most patients develop the disease after the age of 60 and as of 2017, there is still no cure for Parkinson’s Disease.
This journal article discusses the history of Parkinson’s disease. An overview of the how Parkinson’s disease was discovered is provided. The overview of the history includes reference to James Parkinson’s essay which was the first to document the symptoms of Parkinson’s as well as how Parkinson’s was differentiated from other neurological disorders. Symptoms, the evolution of treatment options, including pharmacopeia, surgery, as well as placebo therapy. Multiple historical documents are referenced to provide the history of Parkinson’s disease.
Parkinson’s Disease (from hereon PD) is an extrapyramidal disorder characterized primarily by massive idiopathic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in greatly decreased levels of dopamine in the striatum. The diagnosis, which is essentially a clinical judgment due to the lack, thus far of a simple diagnostic test, has historically been on the basis of the presence of at least two of the three main features of PD: bradykinesia (or akinesia or hypokinesia), rigidity, and resting tremor. In addition to these symptoms, most PD patients also show postural disturbances, impaired righting reflexes, and abnormal ocular movements. The extent of the disease and its symptoms can be quantified by one of a few
Parkinson’s disease is one of the few diseases that have been around since ancient times. In the ancient Indian medical system of Ayurveda this disease was referred to as Kampavata. In AD 175 the physician, Galen of the western medical literature referred Parkinson’s disease as “shaking palsy”. It was not until 1817 that a detailed medical essay was published on the subject by London doctor, James Parkinson. The publication was titled “An Essay on the Shaking Palsy”. This officially established Parkinson’s disease as a medical condition. The essay was based on six cases he observed in his own practice and on walks around his neighborhood. The essay was to encourage people to study deeper into the disease. Over the years the study of Parkinson’s
Parkinson’s disease is a disease with a wide variety of disabilities recognizable as changes in appearance, posture, walking, and balance. In 1817, the English physician James Parkinson described these symptoms in his patients and has had his name become synonymous with the disease. In 1893 the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia was identified as an area of disease for Parkinson’s. Examination with the naked eye reveals a lack of black pigment in this portion of the brainstem. Subsequent follow up with the microscope showed a deterioration of the nerve cells in this area. The circuitous relationship between the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia explains many of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Today the
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects your movement. It is gradual and sometimes starts with a tremor that is barely noticeable in just a hand. A tremor is the usual sign of Parkinson's disease, but Parkinson’s can also causes stiffness or slowing of movement.
What are the implications? Restricted range of motion, tightness, stiffness, injuries What do their specific results mean?
John is 63 years old who receives home care by an occupational therapist twice a week for his resting tremor. John and his therapist are working on maintaining joint flexibility and balance, so John can continue to write, use the computer, and cook simple meals. John is able to ambulate when his wife assists by walking slowly beside him, holding his arm. Sometimes, his wife helps him open his prescription bottles, so he can take his levodopa and carbidopa. The following paragraphs will explain the pathophysiology behind John’s case.
Parkinson’s disease was named after a man named James Parkinson. James was a 62-year-old surgeon from London It was named after him because he was the person to list all the symptoms and talk about the disease in an essay. The essay was called “Essay on the Shaking Palsy”. Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the nervous system that disrupts and causes movement. It’s a disorder that starts off slowly, and gradually grows over time. It can start off with a small tremor. A tremor is and involuntary quivering or shaking movement. These can be found in one hand. Some other symptoms are Rigidity (stiffness), Postural instability (unsteadiness or falling), and Bradykniesia (decreased movement). Those are some
Clinical History: The clinical history presents with involuntary jerky movements of extremities and facial muscles that the individual can’t control (Stein, & Roose, 2000).
Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the nervous system that affects movements. It gradually develops with an unnoticed, but well-known sign, of a tremor in one hand. It may also cause stiffness or slowing in movement.