Pathophysiology Case Studies

Normocephalic atraumatic. Pupils equally round and reactive to light, extraocular motions intact. Oral cavity shows oropharynx clear but slightly dried mucosal membranes. TM (tympanic membranes) clear. Neck, supple. There is no thyromegaly, no JVD. No cervical supraclavicular, axillary, or inguinal lymphadenopathy.

No history of skin disease. Skin is pink, dry, and void of bruising, rashes, or lesions. No recent hair loss; head is normocephalic. Pupils equally reactive to light; no history of glaucoma or cataracts. Ears are in normal alignment; no history of chronic infections, hearing loss, tinnitus, or discharge. Nose and sinus history includes clear nasal discharge “since last October”, and occasional nose bleeds; states she use to get nose bleeds often as a child. Mouth and throat are absent of lesions; no bleeding gums, sore throat, dysphagia, hoarseness, or altered taste. Neck is void of pain, swelling,

Visual fields full to confrontation. Extraocular muscles intact. Pupils are slightly enlarged on the left compared to the right, which she states is old since her eye injury. They do respond directly and consensually. Normal facial symmetry, sensation, and movement. Tongue and uvula are midline. Normal shoulder shrug. Normal auditory acuity.

F.C. is a 54-year-old man with a history of chronic heavy alcohol use. He has frequent bouts of gastrointestinal bleeding for which he has been hospitalized on six separate occasions over the years. He continues to drink and exhibits most of the common manifestations of alcoholic cirrhosis. He was recently hit by a car and was hospitalized for a broken leg. He appeared to be under the influence of alcohol at the time of the accident and had a blood alcohol level of 0.18. F.C.’s family reports that his mental functioning has deteriorated significantly over the past few months.

K.H. is a 67-year-old African-American man with primary hypertension and diabetes mellitus. He is currently taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and following a salt-restricted weight loss diet. He is about 30 pounds over his ideal weight. At his clinic visit his blood pressure is noted to be 135/96. His heart rate is 70 beats/min. He has no complaints. His wife brought a blood pressure cuff and stethoscope with her in the hope of learning to take her husband’s blood pressure at home.

You need to explain to him the s/s of blood clotting (since he may have too low an INR d/t treatment and he needs to know this). Explain that his a-fib puts him at risk for blood clots.

L.H. report no concurrent or severe headaches; There was no head trauma, syncope or vertigo. Patient wears corrective lens with no difficulty of vision or diplopia; absent of inflammation, discharge or lesion. Last eye exam was in September of 2016 with no history of glaucoma, cataracts. L.H. denies having any frequent colds, sinusitis, epistaxis and trauma. Patient reports having obstruction stating, “it happens when I am lying down” with an occasional postnasal drip.

Visual fields are full to confrontation. Extraocular muscles intact. PERRLADC. Normal facial symmetry, sensation, and movement. Tongue and uvula are midline. Normal auditory acuity. Normal shoulder shrug.

Visual fields full to confrontation. Extraocular muscles intact. PERRLADC. Normal facial symmetry, sensation and movement. Tongue and uvula were midline. Normal auditory acuity. Shoulder shrug is normal.

Visual fields full to confrontation. Extraocular muscles intact. PERRLADC. Normal facial symmetry, sensation and movement. Tongue and uvula are midline. Normal auditory acuity. Normal shoulder shrug.

First of all, it is necessary to understand some of the important features of this syndrome (Naeye,

He related that he wears glasses, but does not have any further issues with his eyes. I observed Cristian to have equal pupil size and tracking in each eye, so I continued with the HGN tests. I gave the instructions and he related that he understood them. Cristian had a lack of smooth pursuit in both eyes. He had distinct and sustained nystagmus in both eyes at maximum deviation. He also had onset of nystagmas prior to 45 degrees. Cristian had six (6) clues of impairment during the

Psychosis is a mental illness that may be related to other mental health issues. This condition is triggered by drugs of abuse, alcoholism and several disease conditions. This suggest that numerous pathological devices within the brain are shared by individuals affected by these conditions. One of the pathological features of psychosis is hallucination which may involve seeing, hearing, smelling or tasting something that is not present. Another pathological feature is delusional thinking or believing something that is not real or true. Delusions may manifest and display in two forms, paranoid delusions or delusions of grandeur.

Pupils equal and round, reactive to light. Wears glasses, had injury to eye in 2008 where traumatic Cataract removed and lens was implanted.

Nystagmus may occur in patients with suprasellar tumors 8. See-saw nystagmus is an uncommon form of nystagmus that is thought to occur from involvement of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal or adjacent structures in the brainstem. The nystagmus is an alternating elevation and intorsion of one eye along with depression and excyclotorsionof the other eye.