Patients Suffering From Acute Myocardial Infarction

(2012) states that when oxygen is administered in a timely and appropriate manner it is fundamental to quality patient care. Current research states that critically ill patients should receive supplemental oxygen for the prevention or treatment of hypoxaemia, and failure to correctly administer oxygen places a patient at risk of hypoxaemia, respiratory dysfunction and eventual death. Although research has proven that hyperoxia can be detrimental to patients, due to the reduction of tissue oxygen delivery through hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, absorption atelectasis and generation of oxygen free radicals (Eastwood et al.,

In the UK, reports show that heart failure has been affecting up to 2% of the population, over 900,000 people are living with heart failure, with 63,000 new cases being diagnosed each year (BHF, 2015). It costs the NHS £625 million per year, as a result of the high portion of emergency admissions, readmission and long length of inpatient stay (NHS Improvement, 2010). DH (2000) confirmed that Heart failure accounts for all cardiac admissions and the readmission rate can be as high as 50% within 3 months; also, it further estimated 50% readmission might be preventable. Unfortunately, Heart Failure can’t be cured, but early

The nurse found Mrs Smith to be tachypnoeic, her respirations were recorded as 24 breaths per minute it was observed as being fast and it appeared that her accessory muscles were being used. Mrs Smith’s pallor also appeared flushed and her saturations were documented as 93%. The nurse used the stethoscope to check for wheeze the patient’s lungs were clear and chest rise was symmetrical. Mrs Smith was commenced on 100% oxygen through a non-rebreathe mask, oxygen as an intervention is necessary as Creed & Spiers (2010) highlight ‘metabolic demand for oxygen throughout the body is hugely increased by sepsis and is essential to ensure the supply of oxygen is maximized’ .The nurse monitored the patient closely because in her confused state the patient may try to remove the oxygen mask.

Cardiac diseases alone have been estimated, direct and indirect costs, for the overall American population are “approximately $165.4 billion for 2009” (CDC, 2013). A survey found that heart disease accounted for 4.2 million of the hospitalizations in 2006. In 62% of these cases were short stay hospitalizations and occurred amount peoples ages 65 and older. These hospitalization rates also vary by gender, racial, and ethnic groups.

According to the WHO, cardiovascular diseases have been the leading cause of death globally claiming 17 million lives a year, more deaths than all cancer combined (Chiu and Radisic, 2013). Cardiovascular disease is responsible for a preponderance of health problems and its impact is expected to grow further as the population ages. In the UK, NHS spends about £7.74 billion as the expenditure to deal with cardiovascular diseases (Barton et al., 2011). Cardiovascular disease in the form of myocardial infarction has become the principle cause of death in developed countries, accounting for nearly 40% of all deaths (http://www.bhf.org.uk/). Congenital heart defects, which occur in nearly 14 of every 1000 new-born children, is another tragic fact that baffles medical industry (http://www.heart.org/). About 61 million Americans (almost one-fourth of the population) live with cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, congenital cardiovascular defects, and congestive heart failure.

Due to numerous etiologies that will lead to cardiac arrest there is a potential for variable mortality reporting and therefore it is conceivable this number is misrepresented. A more accurate estimation of the burden of cardiac arrests can be elucidated from ROC data where the incidence of EMS-treated OHCA was found to be 73.0 individuals per 100,000 population (95% CI, 71.2–74.7) for adults and 7.3 per 100,000 population (95% CI, 6.3–8.3) for children <18 years old (heart disease and stroke). As compared to an overall incidence rate, individuals who have received treatment by EMS have the most potential for survival as this excludes arrest events where signs of obvious death were present, or a DNR was in place. An Oregon-based study extrapolated a national risk-adjusted incidence of sudden cardiac death, due to a cardiac etiology to be 60 per 100,000 population (95% CI, 54–66) with a premature death burden for men of 2.04 million (95% CI, 1.86 – 2.23 million) and women 1.29 million years of potential life lost (95% CI, 1.13 – 1.45 million). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24610738). The CARES data report from 2005-2010 provides insight into the demographics of OHCA due to cardiac etiologies and their survival rates (see table 1). Mean socioeconomic status of the region was found to be a significant indicator of increased incidence of sudden cardiac arrest, with a two- to fourfold greater incidence in regions in the lowest economic quartile compared to the highest quartile in the US among people less than 65 years old (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193117/). The previous studies do not allow for a complete representation of the mortality that results from cardiac arrest due to selective populations studied. There is a clear necessity for

In recent times, women have been increasingly more prone to heart related diseases. Even with campaigns that are run across internationally, there is a lack of realization by many people that the leading causes of deaths in women today are heart diseases. Often women are misdiagnosed by the healthcare providers and their symptoms are not recognized when they are having an acute cardiac arrest. According to statistics, every 30 seconds in the United States of America, a woman suffers from a heart attack (Health, 2013). Out of many types of heart diseases, the myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in women.

Cardiovascular disease is a substantial concern and has emerged as one of the leading health issues. In examining cardiovascular disease, its incidence is astounding. Each year approximately one million men and women die, averaging one death every thirty three seconds (Heart, 2013).The death rate for cardiovascular issues such as myocardial infarction and CHF claim more lives than cancer and Aids combined. Heart disease will be the number one cause of death by the

Heart Disease has been a clinical priority for NHS

Chest pain is a frequent cause of emergency department presentation. Many times, chest pain can be an indicator of myocardial infarction. Yearly, about 600,000 people die of heart disease in the United States, with a total of about 700,000 having a myocardial infarction. The leading source of death for both men and women is heart disease ("Heart disease facts," 2014). Managing the challenging clinical problems of those presenting with chest pain can be demanding. While clinical judgment is imperative in managing these patients, rapid treatment protocols to evaluate risk

After being reminded by the instructor, I was aware of my mistakes and noticed that I failed to maintain patient’s safety. An oxygen below 90% can be very dangerous for the patient, especially for a post-op day #1 patient, because prolonged hypoxemia can cause fatigue, headache, acute respiratory failure, cardiac problems (increased heart rate,

For the hospital, there is a lower risk than the reference population. The indicator measures in-hospital deaths per every 1000 hospital discharges with a principal diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction for patients above 18 year of age. This measure excludes all obstetric discharges and any transfers to other hospitals. The numerator is the number of deaths and the denominator is the number of discharges with a ICD-9 code for AMI.

Chest pain is a “common and often non-specific symptom that can be caused by a number of underlying conditions”, one of the most serious being Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack (Chapman, Leslie, & Sage, 2012, p. 12). High concentration oxygen therapy, levels greater than 60%, has been advocated for the treatment of AMI and chest pain for nearly three quarters of a century (Ranchord, Perrin, Weatherall, Beasley, & Simmonds, 2012). As early as 1922, Barach noted the beneficial effects of high concentration oxygen therapy, at levels of 80-100%, in patients suffering from angina

The Department of Health (2013) reports CVD is the leading cause of disability and death in the UK. Although during 2001-2010 there was a 40% reduction in CVD mortality rates, it is still responsible for 30% of all deaths in the UK. Fortunately, CVD mortality rates can be dramatically reduced through appropriate interventions.

As the population ages heart failure is expected to increase exceptionally. About twenty-two percent of men and forty-four percent of women will develop heart failure within six years of having a heart attack. “Thirty years ago patients would have died from their heart attacks!” (Couzens)