Pennsylvania State Budget : A Regular Budget

In this process a bill is drafted, then it is introduced in the house. The Speaker of the House sends the bill to a committee, the committee decides to make changes to the bill or kill it. If the bill gets sent on, it gets sent to the Senate. In the senate it is sent to another committee and if majority vote for it, the bill will go to the whole Senate. The bill gets debated and amendments add, if needed, and then sent back to the House. Any changes made and House doesn’t agree it goes to a committee to find compromises. After the compromise it goes to the President. If the President vetoes the bill, ⅔ majority of the House can override the veto.

The revised bill then must go back to the floors of each house and be passed by both houses before it can be sent to the President for signing. Finally, the bill is given to the commander and chief, Mr. President. The president role in passing a bill into law includes but in not limited to review the law for equally, verbiage and unfortunally, if it meets his political goals. If Congress is sitting to the left while the President views or more towards the right, the president is more likely to veto the bill. A veto is just a legal term meaning to return or send back. However, if the resubmission doesn’t get approved, with a 2/3 majority the bill can be put into law without presidential approval. The Presidents may also issue a proclamation, often ceremonial in nature or issue an executive order. In conclusion, the Founding Father implemented a system that including checks and balances. The process of a bill passing into a law is a very long and tedious journey. In my professional opinion, the process is a bit out dated and should be reformed. The political parties that is Congress should remain 50/50 while publically announcing all law on major television and radio

Once the bill reaches its date, the members initiate a debate regarding the proposed legislation (“The Legislative Process,” 2014). At this time, amendments may be approved and the bill is voted on by the members. If the bill is passed, it is referred to the other chamber and undergoes the same process. If the bill is accepted by both the House and Senate, it is sent to the President. The President has the option to approve or veto the bill. If signed by the President, it becomes law. Congress may try to override the President’s veto by two thirds vote of the members (“The Legislative Process,” 2014).

“The federal budget is the yearly plan for how the US government will spend the money it takes from taxes and borrowing.” After thoroughly analyzing the federal budget from 2012, it is unquestionably evident that a majority of the money is being put into a few major categories, leaving room for the rest of the smaller categories to be financially neglected. Is this fair? It seems that the money could be more fairly distributed, and that there is room for cuts in some of the larger categories, to improve the littler ones. In each of the three budget clusters, the US Government should make adjustments in the way it is distributing money; changes involving the big five, the middle

On October 19, 2017, the Senate approved a budget that would aid Republican efforts to create tax cuts in a vote of 51-49. In essence, this budget would expand the federal deficit by 1.5 trillion dollars over a span of 10 years. According to Republicans, the intent of these tax cuts is to create more jobs as well as providing more income to Americans as a whole. However, many Democrats are starkly opposed to this budget because of how it will increase the federal deficit as well as reducing the potency of federal revenue provided by taxes. With the budget being approved by the Senate, it is now up to the House to adopt its version of the budget to officially make it into law.

There are some differences and similarity between the State and Federal budget. The Federal budget is bigger than the State budget. The federal government have the sovereign bank. The Federal government have the ability to print additional money when the need arises. The federal budget needs not balance revenues and expenditures for each fiscal year. At the subnational level, appropriations must not exceed revenues in the State budget. This creates restriction which is mandated for almost all the state and local finances. “This imposes a discipline at state and local government which the federal government may chronically evade. States cope by setting aside reserves in good years to hopefully cover deficits in bad revenue years” (n.d., 2012).

The bill goes through the committee action, floor action, and conference committee before the actions of the governor come into play. The actions of the governor is the last and final step of the legislative process and comes after all the reading and alterations have occurred. At this point, there are three ways that the governor can respond to the bill passed on to him or her. The governor can either sign the bill into a law, let it pass without a signature, or veto the item. The governor has limited time to consider the bills presented to him in this process for it is only ten days while the legislature is in session and twenty if they are out of session.

State agencies submit their requests to the governor in October. Public hearings are held in February and March. The governor shows his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in February. The legislature adopts a new budget in May. A majority vote 2/3 of the Senate is required to pass a budget. The governor has line item veto authority. Line item veto is when an executive authority decides to nullify specific parts of a bill, usually a budget bill. The governor is legally required to submit a balanced budget proposal, but the legislature is not required to pass a balanced budget. The governor ultimately controls the budget. The legislative branch can oversee the executive by overturning votes on the budget, and also has the ability to overturn the governor’s line item veto or veto. The governor also has limited appointment power he has to have consent from the senate before he can appoint anyone. This gives the legislative branch an advantage; many governors have to consult with key legislators before making formal nominations. The confirmation process allows executive branch appointments to be used by legislatures to gain influence on governors and their policies. The governor also has to have majority vote to pass a budget nomination before the entire Senate body.

This report provides data on the current budget of the State of Michigan. It includes data on state government finances based on information collected from the 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report CAFR, and the State of Michigan Executive Budget for the fiscal year 2016. This report covers the following: revenues, expenditures, and debt, fund balances, and credit rating. For many years, Michigan 's economy declined while the nation 's economy thrived. Grasping this one-state recession is essential for determining Michigan 's economic present and future. It is also important to understand why Michigan stayed in a recession while the rest of the country’s economy flourished, and why it ended, because those may be vital solutions to avoiding another downturn.

Americans are not unfamiliar with the concept of a budget, in fact, most follow a budget on an everyday basis, however, the topic of a public budget can be overwhelming to many them. Although many Americans might have a small concept of how the federal budget works, very few are familiar with their local budget process, and even less familiar to their adopted annual city budget. Every local budget is as unique as the cities who developed them. The following paper will summarize, evaluate, and compare El Paso Texas and San Diego California’s 2012 budgets. It will compare their revenues, expenditures, and budget format. It will attempt to analyze the similarities and differences and determine the causes of such similarities and differences.

All departments of the City are required to submit requests for appropriation to the Finance Department on or before the first week of January each year. The Finance Department uses these requests as the starting point for developing a proposed budget. The government’s manager then reviews this proposed budget and makes adjustments to be presented to the Council at the annual budget retreat held at the beginning of March. The Council then makes any suggestions or changes in programs and policy and instructs staff to provide a budget document by the end of April, sixty days prior to the beginning of the fiscal year ("City of North Myrtle Beach," n.d.). Council then holds a public hearing and as soon thereafter as possible, adopts a budget and passes a tax levy ordinance and such other ordinances as may be required for accounting and budgetary control ("City of North Myrtle Beach," n.d.). Budget-to-actual comparisons are provided in this report for each individual governmental fund for which an appropriated annual budget has been adopted ("City of North Myrtle Beach," n.d.).

5. (TCO I) Below is a table showing the income of individuals A and B together with their food and clothing purchases in an untaxed environment (NOTE: K = 1000).

Bills are referred to committees ,The committee generally refers the bill to a subcommittee which studies the issue carefully. The committee reports the bill, A committee report is generally presented with the bill to explain the bill’s provisions and the committee’s decision. The bill goes to the floor of the House or Senate for debate, After a bill is debated, possibly amended and passed by one house of Congress, it is sent to the other house where it goes through the same procedure. The House and Senate each appoint members from the committee that reported the bill to serve on the conference committee and resolve the differences between the two bills. No amendments to a conference report are allowed. The bill must either be voted up or down.

The second step to creating the federal government budget is the House and Senate pass budget resolutions. “A budget resolution is not a binding document, but it provides a framework for Congress for making budget decisions about spending and taxes.” In this process they set limits but do not create the actual budgets for the programs. “After the House and Senate pass their budget resolutions, some members from each come together in a joint conference to iron out differences between the two versions, and the resulting reconciled version is then voted on again by each chamber.”

<br>At this moment, the bill has been permitted by both the Senate and the House, therefore members of both houses meet to revise the bill to be placed on the President's desk. A conference committee made up of members of both houses works out the differences between the House and Senate versions of the bill. The modified bill is then sent back to both houses for their final approval. Then the bill is printed by the government printing office in a process called enrolling. The clerk of the house of congress that originated the bill certifies the final version. Afterwards, the Speaker of the House signs the enrolled bill, and then the Vice President signs it. Finally, Congress sends the proposed new legislation to the White House for consideration by the President. The President then has three choices: approval, veto, or no action. If the President decides to approve the bill, all that is necessary is that he or she signs, dates and sometimes write approved on it. If the President decides to veto, the bill must be sent back to congress with an explanation of the objections. The bill is then reconsidered and if two-thirds of those members present approve the vetoed